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Personal Training > The Heart & Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Heart & Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

A

Vena Cavae > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Arteries > Lungs > Pulmonary Veins

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2
Q

Describe Systemic Circulation

A

Pulmonary Veins > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta

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3
Q

Which valve prevents back flow of blood between the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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4
Q

Which semi-lunar valve separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary Valve

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5
Q

Which valve prevents back flow of blood between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

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6
Q

Which semi-lunar valve separates the left ventricle and the Aorta

A

Aortic Valve

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7
Q

What is Stenosis?

A

A hardening and narrowing of a heart valve which causes the heart to work harder

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8
Q

What structure protects the heart?

A

The Sternum

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9
Q

What are the main two Coronary Arteries?

A

The Left and Right Coronary Arteries

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10
Q

Which Left Artery goes around the left of the heart to supply the Left Atrium?

A

Left Circumflex Artery

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11
Q

Which Left Artery goes down the front of the heart to the walls of the Left Ventricle?

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery

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12
Q

The Right Coronary Artery supplies which part of the heart?

A

Right side

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13
Q

Which Arteries supply the bottom of the heart and the Septum?

A

Right Coronary Artery & Posterior Descending Artery

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14
Q

How much anaerobic capacity does the Myocardium have?

A

None

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15
Q

Why does better fitness improve Coronary blood flow?

A

Because the lower heart rate means the heart spends more time in diastole which allows the blood to flow more easily

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16
Q

What is Cardia Output (Q)?

A

The amount of blood ejected per minute from the Left Ventricle

Q = Stroke Volume (SV) x HR

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17
Q

Which Lipoprotein is the “bad fat” and why?

A

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), because it transports fats to the peripherals enabling it to build up in blood vessels

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18
Q

Which Lipoprotein is the “good fat” and why?

A

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), because it transports fats back to the Liver

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19
Q

Which are the two main causes of Coronary Heart Disease?

A

Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

Describe Arteriosclerosis

A

Degeneration of arterial walls that leads to hardening & loss of elasticity

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21
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis associated with?

A

Age

22
Q

Describe Atherosclerosis

A

A narrowing of arterial walls due to a build up of lipid and calcium deposits

23
Q

What are the risk factors for CHD?

A 
Diagnosed Hypertension
Elevated Total Cholesterol (>240mg/dl)
High LDL ratio
Smoker
Age
Sedentary lifestyle
Overweight/Obese
Stress
Type 2 Diabetes 
Family History
HRT
24
Q

What is the recommendation for exercise for people with CHD from the ACSM?

A

aerobic exercise 20-30mins 3-5 days

25
Q

What are the symptoms of CHD?

A 
Angina
Unexplained pain
Previous Heart Attack
Congestive Heart Failure
Arrhythmia 
Dizziness
Peripheral Vascular Disease
26
Q

What is classed as Low Blood Pressure?

A
27
Q

What is classed as Normal Blood Pressure?

A

90-120 systolic over 60-80 diastolic

28
Q

What is classed as High Blood Pressure?

A

Pre-high 120-140/80-90

Hypertension >140 systolic or > 90 diastolic

29
Q

How does Blood Pressure change during exercise?

A

Systolic will rise

Diastolic remains largely unchanged

30
Q

How can you reduce the risk of CHD?

A 
Increasing physical activity levels
Controlling body weight
Giving up smoking
Eating a diet low in saturated fats
Managing stress levels
31
Q

When should you stop exercise due to Blood Pressure?

A

If there is a significant drop in Systolic BP
Systolic does not rise
Excessive BP rise 260 Systolic or 115 Diastolic

32
Q

What can affect BP?

A 
Hydration
Food
Contraceptive Pill
Pregnancy
Age
33
Q

How should you manage BP

A 
Avoid heavy resistance training
Improve body composition
Limit salt intake
Stop smoking
Release stress
34
Q

What can Beta Blockers cause?

A

Lower HR&BP at rest and during exercise

35
Q

What can Vasodilators cause?

A

Relax blood vessels, can cause a rapid HR and low BP during exercise

36
Q

What can Alpha Blockers cause?

A

Relax blood vessels, doesn’t affect HR

37
Q

What can Diuretics cause?

A

Can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

38
Q

What can Bronchodilators cause?

A

Increase HR and give shakes

39
Q

What can Antihistamines cause?

A

Drowsiness

40
Q

What is the role of Baroreceptors?

A

Monitor BP and cause a reflex reaction to it

41
Q

What are examples of Chemoreceptors?

A 
Caffeine
Stress
Exercise
Smoking
Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Medication
42
Q

Describe the Valsalva Effect

A

Forcible exhalation against a closed airway

Chest pressure rises>BP rises>Impedes Venous Return>Cardiac Output decreases>BP falls>HR rises to counteract

43
Q

Why is the Valsalva Effect dangerous in people with high BP?

A

It can cause a heart attack

44
Q

What are the short term effects of CV training?

A 
Increased heart rate
Increased release of adrenaline
Increase stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
Increased venous return
Oxygen level in the blood decreased
Systolic blood pressure increases
Diastolic blood pressure remains stable or rises slightly
Increased respiratory rate
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels to divert blood to working muscles and away from other organs
45
Q

What are the long term effects of CV training on the lungs?

A

Increased capillarisation
Increased use of dead space (residual volume)
Increased tidal volume
Better oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

46
Q

What are the long term effects of CV training on the heart?

A

Increased stroke volume
Increased blood volume
Decreased heart rate at rest and for any given exercise intensity
Increased cardiac output
Better cardiac blood supply, hypertrophy of cardiac muscle (especially the left ventricle)

47
Q

What are the long term effects of CV training on the Blood & Circulation?

A

Increased blood volume
Increased red blood cell count
Increased haemoglobin content
Increased tone in smooth muscles of artery walls
More efficient circulation
Diastolic blood pressure may lower
The time for diastole is increased improving coronary blood flow
For those with mild hypertension, resting and exercise blood pressures can be reduced by up to 10mmhg with endurance CV activities

48
Q

What are the long term effects of CV training on the muscles?

A

Increased capillarisation
Increased mitochondria size
Increased number of mitochondria
Increased aerobic/anaerobic enzymes

49
Q

What are the potential health benefits of CV training?

A

Improvements in everyday function, such as walking, stair climbing, shopping
Increased bone density in specific areas of the skeleton placed under load (particularly from high-impact exercise)
Decreased risk of CHD and other chronic degenerative conditions
Modest reductions in high blood pressure
Improved blood cholesterol profile
Reduction of body fat or maintenance of body fat levels within a healthy range

50
Q

What are the potential risks of CV training?

A

Increased risk of injury (muscle strains, joint injuries, joint degeneration, connective tissue damage, muscle imbalances – for example, tight hamstrings in cyclists)
Increased workload on the heart – which for some is dangerous
Increased amount of carbon dioxide production
Increased amount of lactic acid production
Decreases in body fat to below recommended levels in some athletes

Personal Training (30 decks)

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