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biology > The heart (8) > Flashcards

The heart (8) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What muscle is the heart made of

A

Cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What separates the right from the left side of the heart

A

Septum

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3
Q

What produces the pumping movement of the heart

A

The regular contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscles

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4
Q

What are the atrio ventricular valves for

A

The valves separate the ventricles from the atrium

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5
Q

Which valve is on the left (often known as the mitral valve)

A

The biscupid valve

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6
Q

Which valve is on the right

A

The tricuspid valve

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7
Q

When do the valves shut and why

A

When the ventricles contract, so blood cant flow back into the atria

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8
Q

What blood vessels can be seen on the outside of the heart and what do they do

A

The coronary arteries, they deliver oxygenated blood to the heart walls.

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9
Q

Why are there coronary arteries on the outside of the heart

A

Cos the heart is so thick (especially around the left ventricle) the muscle on the outside of the heart is too far away from the blood inside the ventricles to obtain o2 from it.

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10
Q

What is a myocardial infection

A

A heart attack

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11
Q

Why are the atria walls very thin

A

Theres no need to generate high pressure blood as the blood doesnt need to be pumped far.

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12
Q

Why do the left ventricle walls need to be thicker than the right ventricle wall

A

The left ventricle needs to pump blood around the body against greater resistance so high pressure blood needed

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13
Q

Why must the blood from the left side of the heart be separate from the blood on the right side of the heart

A

To not mix the oxygenated blood (left) with the deoxygenated blood (right). If they were to mix the transport of o2 would be less efficient.

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14
Q

Why is it important that the blood pressure is highest in the heart compared to anywhere else in the circulatory system.

A

To ensure mass flow. Blood will flow from high pressure to low pressure

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15
Q

What exactly is a hole in the heart

A

It is a gap in the septum. Before birth the septum isn’t fully developed. After birth it closes, sometimes they dont fully close.the bigger holes can lead to severe health problems.

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16
Q

What is the gap in the septum called

A

The foremen ovale

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17
Q

With a large hole in the heart what happens

A

The deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixes, so blood does not carry enough o2 to tissues

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18
Q

What is the role of the tendinous cords in the ventricles

A

They prevent the AV valves from being turned inside out.

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19
Q

The 3 parts to the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole (relaxation).
Atrial Systole (contraction). Ventricular Systole (contraction).

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20
Q

What happens in diastole

A

relaxation

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21
Q

What happens in atrial systole

A

the pressure in the atria rises higher than that in the ventricles, so the valves are pushed downwards by the higher pressure of the blood in the atria.

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22
Q

What happens in ventricular systole

A

the pressure in the ventricles rose above that of the atria, so the valves are being pushed upwards. they cant flap past their opening as they are anchored by the heart tendons holding them to the heart wall. (pressure in the ventricles rise much higher than in the atria as it has much thicker walls)

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23
Q

Where are the semilunar valves

A

In the pulmonary artery and aorta (blood vessels)

24
Q

Where are the AV valves

A

Between the atrium and ventricle

25
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated and then goes back to the heart. The left side pumps newly oxygenated blood around the body.

26
Q

How does the mammalian double circulatory system work

A
27
Q

What is the advantage to mammals having the double circulatory system

A

It keeps the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate, this allows for higher metabolic rates to be maintained as the blood isn’t mixing.

28
Q

give a detailed explanation of the pressure changes during the cardiac cycle

A

answer separately in detail on word/paper

29
Q

give a detailed explanation of the cardiac cycle

A

answer separately

30
Q

why is aortic blood pressure always high

A

thick walls, and elastic

31
Q

which ventricle has a thinner wall

A

the right ventricle

32
Q

what creates the lub-dup sound

A

the lub is the sound of the 2 AV valves shutting at the same time. and the dup sound is the semilunar valves shutting

33
Q

when do the semilunar valves shut

A

when the pressure in the aorta is higher than in the ventricle (when the ventricle relaxes)

34
Q

why is it important that the atria contract before the ventricles contract

A

it ensures that the ventricles are filled with blood before they contract.

35
Q

what individual cells make up cardiac muscle

A

cardiomyocytes

36
Q

what are intercalated discs

A

cardiomyocytes group together to make fibres with the cell to cell boundary

37
Q

what are 2 adaptations to the heart and why are there adaptations

A

the cardiac muscle fibres branch, and there’s cross fibres between the fibres.
the cardiomyocytes group together to make fibres with the cell to cell boundary having an intercalated disc.
these adaptations ensure efficient transmission of the contraction through the heart.

38
Q

why is cardiac muscle special

A

it never tires - it will continuously contract/relax.
it is myogenic - it doesn’t ned any stimulation from a nerve for it to contract
cardiac muscle will contract independently of the nervous system

39
Q

what are the walls of the right atrium called

A

the Sino atrial node

40
Q

what is the Sino atrial node

A

a group of specialised cardiac cells, which generate electrical impulses that pass rapidly across the walls of the atria from cell to cell making the atrial walls contract - atrial systole.
so they create atrial contraction.
as muscle in SAN contracts the, it produces an electrical impulse which makes the atrial walls contract (showing up on an ECG as the p wave)

41
Q

why cant electrical impulses pass from the atria to the ventricle walls

A

cos there’s a ring of fibrous tissue preventing this

42
Q

how can electrical impulses pass from atria to ventricles

A

by a group of specialised muscle cells- the atrio ventricular node (AVN)(which acts as a relay point).

43
Q

what is the atrio ventricular node

A

a group of specialised muscle cells

44
Q

what happens with the impulses after reaching the AVN

A

they travel down the heart muscle fibres (the bundle of His) that spread down the septum between the ventricles. the impulses then reach the apex of the heart. the fibres then spread throughout the muscular walls in Purkyne tissue. the impulse causes the ventricular systole.

45
Q

what is the bottom of the heart called

A

the apex

46
Q

what is the advantage of impulses passing down from the bundle of His and then up through the Purkyne tissue

A

the ventricles can contract from the apex. its effective, efficient. it pushes the blood up to the arteries ensuring they are completely empty.

47
Q

in the correct order which blood vessels will an erythrocyte travel through when it leaves the heart

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules

48
Q

what acts as the pacemaker

A

the Sino atrial node (it automatically relaxes and contracts, it is myogenic)

49
Q

what does an ECG do and what does it stand for.

A

an electrocardiogram measures electrical activity in the heart as it beats.

50
Q

when do the ups and downs occur on an ECG

A

before contractions occur as these electrical impulses are what create the contractions of the muscle in the heart walls.

51
Q

what does a p wave and a t wave on an ECG represent

A

p wave - the wave of electrical activity spreading through atria walls, which is then followed by the rise in the atria as they contract.
t wave - relaxed state

52
Q

cause and effect of ventricular fibrillation

A

ECG shows no patter. the muscle in the ventricle walls flutters, cause - person has suffered myocardial infection (heart attack). effect - no blood circulation, death.

53
Q

cause and effect of bradychardia

A

ECG - slower heart rate. cause - SAN not working properly, or ur really fit. effect - tired.

53
Q

cause and effect or atrial fibrillation

A

ECG - abnormal heart rate (arrythmia). cause - they don’t contract properly and some are passed onto ventricles which don’t contract often enough

53
Q

cause and effect of tachycardia

A

ECG - faster heart rate. cause - fright, anger, exercise.

biology (19 decks)

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