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biology > Blood pressure, blood, tissue fluid, and lymph (8) > Flashcards

Blood pressure, blood, tissue fluid, and lymph (8) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the def of blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the bblood on the walls of the blood vessels as it passes through them

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2
Q

what is chronically long term low blood pressure called

A

hypotension

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3
Q

what is chronically high blood pressure called

A

hypertension

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4
Q

what is the unit of pressure

A

pascals and kilopascals or mm of mercury (mm Hg)

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5
Q

what is blood pressure affected by

A

ventricle contraction, narrowing arteries (with age),

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6
Q

what is used to measure blood pressure

A

a sphygmomanometer or a cuff connected to a mercury manometer

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7
Q

Where does blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle go

A

The aorta

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8
Q

what happens when the ventrcile wall contracts

A

a surge of blood at high pressure moves into the aorta

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9
Q

what happens when the ventricle wall muscle relaxes

A

the pressure drops before the ventricle contracts again

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10
Q

What does and up and down (oscillation) represent on a blood pressure graph

A

it represents 1 heart beat

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11
Q

What does the elastic artery walls stretching and recoiling allow

A

The recoil helps to increase the blood pressure in between heart contractions and it smooths out the flow of blood

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12
Q

When do the artery walls stretch and when do they recoil

A

Stretch - When the blood pressure is highest
Recoil - When the blood pressure is the lowest

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13
Q

What are arterioles

A

They are smaller arteriarteries, they are smaller to allow more SA, more contact with the blood

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14
Q

When blood flows through the arterioles, what happens to the pace of the blood and why

A

The blood is slowed beacuse of friction this occurs becasue there is now more contact betwwen the bllood and teh walls of the vessells

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15
Q

why does the blood flow rate decrease as it passes through the arterioles

A

many capillaries arise from each arteriole, and their total cross sectional area is greater than that of the arterioles, so the blood has more room to spread out in the capillaries so its rate of flow decreases

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16
Q

why is the slow blood flow rate needed

A

its needed to give time for substances such as o2 and co2 to diffuse between the blood and the tissues

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17
Q

by the time the blood has passed thru the capillaries its pressure is very low, the pressure remains fairly constant as it flows thru the veins and back to the atrium of the heart .with the pressure of the blood being so low what is needed

A

valves r necessary to prevent backflow

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18
Q

what is blood composed of

A

plasma and formed elements

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19
Q

what is plasma made of

A

nutrients - glucose and amino acids
waste poducts - co2 and urea
proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulins
electrolytes
hormones

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20
Q

where do the amino acids come from and what are they used for

A

obtained mostly from dietary protein and used for protein synthesis

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21
Q

how is glucose transported into the blood

A

It is transported from the small intestine where digested dietary carbohydate is abosrbed iinto the blood
And from the liver and muscles if glucagon is is causing the breakdown from glycogen, it is then used by respiring cells as respiratory substrate

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22
Q

in what from does co2 dissolve into the plasma

A

hydrogencarbonate

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23
Q

what is urea

A

a nitrogenous waste made in the metabolism of excess amino acids

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24
Q

what is albumin, and what is a feature of albumin

A

its a plama protein.important for maintaining oncotIc (osmotic) pressure of the blood. albumin is polar, so water within the plasma makes a ashell around these protein molecules, this reduces the water potential of the blood.

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25
Q

what is fibrionogen

A

plasma protein.important in blood clotting. it converts into fibrin which helps form a blood clot after trauma to a blood vessel

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26
Q

what is globulins

A

moat common one is immunoglobulins, known as anyibodies

27
Q

what is a electrolyte

A

these are mineral ions. includes calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium

28
Q

what are hormones, where are they made, and what do they do

A

they are protein/lipid in nature. these chemical messengers are made by endocrine glands and travel in the blood to their target cells where they bind to a complementary shaped receptor

29
Q

what is in the formed elements of the blood

A

erythrocytes, leucocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets

30
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

RBCs. they are nucleate cells shaped like biconcave discs full of haemoglobin.

31
Q

what are leucocytes

A

WBCs. many diff types, but all involved in the immune response

32
Q

what are monocytesand how do they become macrophages

A

these are phagocytic. become macrophages when they leave the blood stream, by squeezing thru the fenestrations of the capillary wall

33
Q

what are lymphocytes and what are 2 types

A

they produce antibodies. eosinophils - responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections.
basophils - important in the inflammatory response

34
Q

what are platelets

A

they are cell fragments, which are produced in the red bone marrow from megakaryocyte cells. they clot the blood when the blood vessel walls are damaged, reducing blood loss when injury occurs

35
Q

how do platelets form

A

they break off of megakaryocytes

36
Q

how can plasma and the formed elements of the blood can be separated. and how does it work

A

by spinning whole blood in a centrifuge. the denser blood cells sink to the bottom and the less dense plasma floats to the top

37
Q

where do the components of the blood end up when spun thru a centrufuge

A

erythrocytes at the bottom, leucocytes + platelets in the middle, plasma at the top

38
Q

what percentage does plasma make up of the blood. and same for formed elements

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

39
Q

capillaries have 2 ends what are they called

A

the end near an arteriole (higher blood pressure side) and the end near a venule (lower blood pressure side)

40
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

blood enters capillary at a high pressure, this helps substances to move out of the capillary forming tissue fluid.
at the arterial end the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the oncotic pressure so water from the plasma + dissolved substances (o2,glucose) are forced out the permeable capillary wall due to high blood pressure. the forced out substances form tissue fluid. (larger blood components remain in the capillary like red blood cells)

41
Q

why does the water potential within the capillary decrease after tissue fluid has formed (reabsorption of tissue fluid)

A

its due to the loss of water molecules and large plasma proteins (these are what form the tissue fluid) from tissue flid formation. some but not all water diffuses back into the capillary by osmosis.

42
Q

what is tissue fluid for/ what is it good for

A

allows more efficient exchange of substances between the blood supply and the cells

43
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure from the heart beat forcing liquid out through the pores/fenestrations of the capillary.

44
Q

hydrostatic pressure at venous end
and arteriole end

A

venous - low
arteriole - high

45
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

its the result of the water potential in the capillary due to the plasma proteins. the proteins attract free water molecules within the plasma toward themselves and therefore reducing water potential of plasma

46
Q

what does it mean if something has a a higher water potential

A

its a solution with high concentration of water molecules

47
Q

talk about the hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure of the arterial end of a capillary

A

at the arterial end its hydrostatic pressure is greater than its oncotic pressure, so water from the plasma and its solutes are forced out of the capillary and forms tissue fluid.

48
Q

how does tissue fluid reabsorption happen

A

as blood moves along capillary the force caused by ventricular contraction becomes less, and as more liquid leaves the capillary the hydrostatic pressure decreases. when the blood reaches the venule end of the capillary the hydrostatic pressure is lower at the arteriole end. now at the venule end the oncotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure so this causes 90% of the tissue fluid to return by osmosis to the capillary.
the tissue fluid that does return will have already given up most of its oxygen and nutrients when it was outside the capillary)

49
Q

how is oxygen, glucose and other nutrients delivered to the cells surrounding the capillary

A

the tissue fluid moves out over the cells that’s surround the capillary delivering all nutrients to the surrounding cells

50
Q

how do u calculate filtration pressure

A

filtration pressure = hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure

51
Q

while 90% of tissue fluid returns to the capillary what happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that doesn’t return to the blood capillary

A

this 10% enters the lymphatic system and becomes lymph.

52
Q

what are lymph capillaries

A

these are blind ended capillaries with bigger fenestrations (pores) than blood capillaries. excess tissue fluid drains here and becomes lymph.

53
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

it absorbs the products of fat digestion - fatty acids - from the villi in the small intestine

54
Q

what is the composition of lymph

A

its similar to tissue fluid except there’s a lower concentration of o2 +nutrients, and higher concentrations of co2+ waste products + fatty acids which were absorbed in the small intestine.

55
Q

what is lymph

A

drained tissue fluid + fatty acids

56
Q

what is a lymph vessel

A

many lymph capillaries joined tg

57
Q

how is the lymph able to move through the lymph vessels

A

the lymph can move through the lymph vessels because of the pressure on the walls caused by contracting muscles.

58
Q

when does the lymphatic system drain into the blood

A

lymph drains into the blood when the left + right lymphatic duct drains into the left and right subclavian veins

59
Q

at points along the lymphatic system there are lymph nodes, what accumulates at these lymph nides.

A

lymphocytes (WBCs) and leucocytes (produce antibodies) and phagocytic cells (these engulf and digest bacteria in the lymph this is why enlarged lymph nodes are a a sign of infection)

60
Q

what are subclavian veins

A

they are major blood vessels under the clavicles/collar bone

61
Q

what happens if excess tissue fluid remains in the tissues

A

a person can get oedema

62
Q

what would be the cause of excess tissue fluid in the tissues (oedema)

A

immobility
lack of plasma proteins in plasma (low dietary protein)
a blockage in the lymphatic system (from parasites etc)

63
Q

what is extreme oedema called

A

elephantitis

biology (19 decks)

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