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carbohydrates (biomols) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 3 elements are carbs made from

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

what are carbs also known as

A

saccharides/sugars

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3
Q

what monomer units make up carbs

A

monosaccharides (single sugar unit)(simple sugar)

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4
Q

what are the 3 hexose monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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5
Q

what are the 2 pentose monosaccharides

A

ribose+deoxyribose

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6
Q

when 2 monosaccharides join, what do they form

A

a disaccharide (complex sugar)

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7
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides

A

lactose, sucrose, maltose

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8
Q

what monosaccharides make up lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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9
Q

what monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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10
Q

what monosaccharides make up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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11
Q

what common monosaccharide is in the disaccharides lactose, sucrose, and maltose

A

glucose

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12
Q

when many monosaccharides join what is formed

A

a polysaccharide - not sugars (complex carbohydrate)

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13
Q

how is a polysaccharide formed

A

many condensation reactions. a polysaccharide is ,made up of sugar subunits

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14
Q

what are the 3 polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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15
Q

what bond forms between monosaccharides

A

glycosidic

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16
Q

what is a hexose/pentose

A

6 carbons or 5 carbons

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17
Q

how many carbons are in glucose

A

6 - making it a hexose sugar

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18
Q

what is the role of glucose in living organisms

A

it is the substrate of aerobic respiration, glucose is released as energy

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19
Q

what are the 2 forms of glucose

A

alpha glucose + beta glucose, they are isomers of eo

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20
Q

what is the structure of beta glucose

A

H is on the bottom and the OH is ontop, and the opposite for alpha glucose

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21
Q

how many carbons are in ribose + deoxyribose

A

5 in each

22
Q

what is the difference between ribose +deoxyribose

A

deoxyribose has 4 o2 instead of 5 (has hydrogen instead of hydroxide)

23
Q

what are the nucleic acids

A

ribose +deoxyribose

24
Q

features of monosaccharides

A

sweet, water soluble, simple sugars, reducing sugars

25
Q

what reaction occurs when a disaccharide is formed

A

a condensation reaction (loss of water) happens between 2 monosaccharides, forming a 1-4 glycosidic bond

26
Q

what is a 1-4 glycosidic bond

A

a bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 with another carbon 1 and carbon 4 off another monosaccharide

27
Q

what is the equation for the formation of maltose

A

c6.h12.06 + c6.h12.o6 = c12.h22.o11 + h20

28
Q

how would u make maltose back into2 alpha glucose molecules

A

it would be a hydrolysis reaction, add water and enzyme maltase to catalyse reaction

29
Q

all disaccharides are the typical sugar; a reducing sugar, sweet and soluble in water however one disaccharide isn’t like this which one is it

A

its sucrose, sucrose is not a reducing sugar

30
Q

what roles do disaccharides have in organisms

A
  • they can easily + quickly be hydrolysed back into the monosaccharides that make them up, then used in cellular respiration (as they’re all made up of a glucose which is a substrate of ar)
  • sucrose is the main transport sugar in the phloem
  • lactose is the sugar found in mammalian milk, it has a high energy content for suckling young.
31
Q

what are the energy storage polysaccharides

A

starch (plant cells)
glycogen (animal cells)

32
Q

what is starch and what is it made up of

A

starch is a polysaccharide. it is made up of 2 alpha glucose arranged in 2 different ways: amylose + amylopectin

33
Q

what are the structural strength polysaccharides

A

cellulose (plant cell walls)

34
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

long chains of 1,4 linked alpha glucose, coiled into spiral shape helix. stabilised by hydrogen bonds holding the helix shape

35
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

branched long chains of 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules w short side branches 1,6 linked

36
Q

what is the difference between amylose + amylopectin

A

amylose is coiled into a helix while amylopectin is long branched chains, and amylopectin has 1,6 linked short side branches.

37
Q

how does the structure of starch make it a brilliant energy storage molecule in plants

A

amylose being helix means greater SA great for storing more energy, it also makes it a compact structure so lots can be stored in cell.
amylopectin being branched means there are many end points so glucose molecules can easily be broken off by hydrolysis for use in respiration - therefore amylopectin can provide rapid supply of energy.
starch is a large macromolecule, so its insoluble + unreactive, meaning it can be used as an energy store and wont affect other cellular reactions

38
Q

what are macromolecules

A

large molecules

39
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

its the main energy store in animal cells. made from long chains of alpha glucose with1,4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched (branch points with 1,6 glycosidic bonds).
glycogen is very similar to amylopectin except its more branched and more compact so its an even greater store of energy than starch

40
Q

why would animals need an energy storage molecule that’s even more branched than starch for plant cells

A

animals need faster release of energy to maintain higher cell respiration rate, plants less active than animals., animals need the ability to survive in harsh envts, migrate long distances and complete endurance related activities.

41
Q

what’s the structure of cellulose

A

made from beta glucose. beta molecules cant join the same way alpha glucose joins bcos the hydroxyl groups on C1 and C4 are too far apart to react so these groups get flipped 180 (alternate molecules flip upside down), bcos of this it means that cellulose cannot coil or branch. it is a straight chain molecule.
cellulose is made up of microfibrils + macrofibrils.

42
Q

what bond links many cellulose chains

A

hydrogen bonds

43
Q

what are microfibrils

A

many cellulose chains linked tg by hydrogen bonds, forming strong fibres - microfibrils.

44
Q

what are macrofibrils

A

many hydrogen bond linked cellulose chains all joined. even though hydrogen bonds are weak many tg give great strength (cellulose fibres)

45
Q

how are the cell wall of plants formed

A

the macromolecules are interwoven and embed into pectin which hold them all in place to from the cell wall of plants.

46
Q

how does the structure of cellulose make it ideal for the structure of plant cell walls

A

microfibrils and macrofibrils have high tensile strength due to the glycosidic bonds between all of the individual beta glucose molecules and the hydrogen bonds holding the cellulose chains tg. the macrofibrils are then crisscrossed in pectin to give more strength.

47
Q

why do plants need cellulose to be so strong

A

to keep plant upright
when plants take in water by osmosis, they don’t burst and instead become turgid
strong cell wall protects the membrane around plant cells
macrofibrils have gaps in between them so plant cell walls are fully permeable to h20 + mineral ions, this is important as it allows h20 + ions to move from cell to cell easily.

48
Q

why can most animals not digest cellulose/why is cellulose very difficult to digest/breakdown

A

cellulose lacks the enzyme cellulase, this means that cellulose usually passes thru the digestive system of an animal + comes out in the faeces (source of fibre)

49
Q

what is the test for carbs (reducing sugars)

A

benedict’s test. applies to all of the monosaccharides and most of the disaccharides (except sucrose)

50
Q

what is the test for carbs (non reducing sugars)

A

the modified benedicts test. applies to sucrose

biology (19 decks)

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