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biology > lipids (biomols) > Flashcards

lipids (biomols) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what state of matter is fat in at room temp

A

solid

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2
Q

what state of matter is oils in at room temp

A

liquids

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3
Q

what elements are lipids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (same as carbs but proportion of o2 is lower)

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4
Q

what are lipids soluble in and what are they not soluble in

A

organic solvents (alcohols) BUT NOT IN WATER

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5
Q

why are lipids not soluble in water

A

lipids are non polar, so the charges across the molecule are balanced, so they dont from hydrogen bonds with polar water molecules. THEY ARE HYDROPHOBIC.

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE LIPID

A

ONE GLYCEROL MOLECULE + 3 FATTY ACIDS = TRIGLYCERIDE

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7
Q

WHAT IS A GLYCEROL

A

A SIMPLE ALCOHOL (SO IT HAS THE OH GROUP)

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8
Q

WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS

A

THEY ARE LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS WITH AN ACID GROUP (COOH) AT ONE END

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9
Q

HIW DOES A TRIGLYCERIDE FORM

A

3 FATTY ACIDS LINE UP NEXT TO A GLYCEROL MOLCULE. THE OH GROUPS ON THE FATTY ACIDS ARE LINED UP NEXT TO THE OH GROUPS ON THE GLYCEROL, ALLOWING 3 CONDENSATION REACTIONS TO OCCUR, 3 WATER MOLS ARE LOST, 3 ESTER BONDS ARE FORMED

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10
Q

WHAT BONDS ARE IN TRIGLYCERIDES

A

ESTER BONDS

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11
Q

HOW DO U BREAK A SIMPLE LIPID APART

A

ADD 3 WATER MOLS AND AN ENZYME TO BRING ABT A HYDROLYSIS REACTION

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12
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE A SATURATED FATTY ACID

A

NO DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS (STRAIGHT CHAIN)

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13
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE A MONOSATURATED FATTY ACID

A

ONE DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS (BENDS)

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14
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE A POLYSATURATED FATTY ACID

A

MORE THAN ONE DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS (BENDS)

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15
Q

what do double bonds in fatty acids cause

A

it causes the fatty acids to bend

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16
Q

what makes the lipid structure a liquid (oil)

A

the more double bonds the more fluid (less rigid) the lipod structure will be. this is bcos the double bonds cause the fatty acids to ben, whuch prevents them ffrom packing as closelytg when they form as a lipid

17
Q

what makes a lipid a solid (a fat)

A

no double bonds present

18
Q

are lipids polymers

A

no

19
Q

why are lipids not polymers

A

a polymer is made up of many similar monomers. a simple lipid is not. a lipid is made up of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

20
Q

what are some roles of lipids

A
  • buoyancy for aquatic animals
  • thermal insulation
  • creation of hydrophobic barriers
  • waterproofing on bird feathers (theyre hydrophobic)
  • energy sources (theyre easily hydrolysed when energy is needed by a cell) (the fatty acids + glycerol can then be respired to release energy, and they release twice as much energy as carbs)
  • energy stores (stoored in fat cells in the andipose tissue of animals, and as lipid droplets in plant cells - the long HC chains contain alot of energy)
21
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

a modified triglycerides containing phosporous. one of the 3 fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group.

22
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

they have a hydrophilic head which are attracted to water (phosphate group)
they have a hydrophobic tail which are replelled by water (the fatty acids)

23
Q

what parts of a phospholipid are polar

A

the phosphate head (hydrophilic) are polar
and the fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) are non polar

24
Q

what happens when lipids are dropped into water

A

they form spheres - “micelles”

25
Q

a cell has water both inside the cytoplasm and outside (tissue fluid). how do the phospholipods arrange themselves when ttheyf rom the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

A

phosphate head facing outside tissue fluid. fatty acid tails facing the other fatty acid tails with the other phosphate head facing the cytoplasm

26
Q

what are sterols

A

thse are based on complex alcohol molecules. they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

27
Q

whats an example of a sterol

A

cholesterol

28
Q

why do we need cholesterol in our body

A

important component of cell membrane structure. the flattened shape of cholesterol allows it to fit between the fatty acid tails in the phospholipids to stabilise the sttrcuture of the membrane. by regulating the fluidity of the membrane it limits the movement of the phospholipids (side to side), w the hydrophilic regions toward the outside of the membrane.

29
Q

what else is chlolesterol needed for in our body

A

cholesterol is neede to make steroid hormones in the body
egs) sex hormones - oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone

30
Q

whats the test for lipids

A

the emulsion test - add 2cm of sample and 2cm of ethanol to a test tube. if lipid present, cloudy white emulsion will be seen

biology (19 decks)

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