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Erin's Gross Lectures > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibro-serous envelope of the heart and is contained within the middle mediastinum

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2
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium (parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (epicardium))

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3
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

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4
Q

What fuses with the external surface of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

A

the mediastinal (parietal) pleura

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5
Q

What is the name of where the fibrous pericardium attaches to the diaphragm?

A

phrenicopericardial ligament

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6
Q

What is the name for heart muscle?

A

myocardium

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7
Q

What are the cavities within the heart (atrium/ventricles) lined by?

A

endocardium

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8
Q

How is the heart of the dog positioned?

A

positioned obliquely within the thoracic cavity and lies between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces

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9
Q

What direction does the base of the heart face? apex?

A

base: craniodorsally
apex: caudoventrally (directed more towards the left of the thorax

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10
Q

Which ventricle is most cranial?

A

Right ventricle

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11
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A
  • serve as pump which generates the needed pressure for the delivery of blood throughout the body
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12
Q

What are the two circuits of the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

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13
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

fibrous tissue that separates the atria and ventricles.

- all four heart valves are part of the fibrous skeleton

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14
Q

Where are atrial myocardial cell bundles located?

A

attached to the upper margin of the fibrous skeleton

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15
Q

Where are ventricular myocardial cell bundles located?

A

anchored to the lower margin of the fibrous skeleton

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16
Q

What are the atrioventricular orifices? What are they guarded by?

A

the openings between the atria and ventricles, and are guarded by the atrioventricular (AV) valves

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17
Q

What does the right atrium recieve blood from?

A

the cranial and caudal vena cava, and the coronary sinus

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18
Q

What does the intervenous tubercle do?

A

Diverts blood from the caval veins toward the right AV orifice

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19
Q

What do the AV valve cusps originate from?

A

either the outer (marhinal) ventricular wall (parietal cups) or from the interventricular septal wall (septal cusp)

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20
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

fibrous strings that anchor AV valves to the inner walls of ventricles

21
Q

What secures the chordae tendineae to the inner walls of the ventricles?

A

papillary muscles

22
Q

How does the blood flow during diastole?

A

blood flows through the right and left AV valves and into the ventricles

23
Q

What is a significant characteristic of the semilunar valves?

A

they have 3 cusps (tricuspid)

24
Q

What do semilunar valves do?

A

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles during diastole

25
Q

What are the two semilunar valves? Where are they located?

A
  • pulmonary semilunar valve - located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • aortic semilunar valve - located between the left ventricle and the aorta
26
Q

What are the names of the interventricular grooves on the external surface of the heart that correlate with the (internal) interventricular septum?

A
  • Paraconal interventricular groove

- Subsinusoidal interventricular groove

27
Q

Where is the sinus venosus?

A

directly above the subsinuosal interventricular groove

28
Q

Where is the conus arteriosus?

A

on the right ventricle right next to the paraconal interventricular groove

29
Q

Where is the subsinusoidal interventricular groove located?

A

on the caudodorsal surface of the heart (ventricular or diaphragmatic surface)

30
Q

What is the first branch off the aorta? First tissue supplied?

A

Right and left coronary arteries - supply the heart

31
Q

What are the aortic sinuses?

A

the pockets formed by the aortic valve cusps

32
Q

What do the left and right aortic sinuses give rise to?

A

Right: right coronary artery
Left: left coronary artery

33
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A
  • Circumflex branch

- Paraconal interventricular branch

34
Q

What branches from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery?

A

the subsinuosal interventricular branch

35
Q

Where does the right coronary artery travel to?

A
  • encircles the right side of the heart in coronary groove

- Extends to caudodorsal (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart

36
Q

What is the puncta Maxima?

A

most distinctive valve sounds during ausculation

37
Q

What is ‘PAM’? Where can they be heard?

A

Left side
P= pulmonary valve sound (3rd IC space)
A= Aortic valve sound (4th IC space)
M= Mitral/left AV sound (5th IC space)

38
Q

What sound can you hear on the right side? Where can it be heard?

A

T= Tricuspid/Right AV sound (4th IC space)

39
Q

What are important anatomical landmarks for ausculation and thoracocentesis?

A
  • point of the elbow

- Tricipital margin (caudal)

40
Q

What are the nodal tissues of the heart?

A
  • Sinoatrial node
  • Atrioventricular node
  • Atrioventricular bundle with right and left limbs
41
Q

What is the Trabecula septomarginalis?

A

nodal tissue

- Extensions from the AV bundle fibers from septal wall to the opposite ventricular wall

42
Q

In the fetus, what are the two structures that allow blood to bypass pulmonary circulation?

A
  • foramen ovale

- Ductus arteriosus

43
Q

What/where is the foramen ovale?

A

opening between the atria that allows blood to shunt from right atrium into the left atrium.

  • located caudal to the intervenous tubercle
  • Closes after birth
44
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale after it closes?

A

fossa ovalis

45
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Arteriole connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
- Closes after birth and regresses to a fibrous remnant

46
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus after it has regressed?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

47
Q

What causes a constricted esophagus (megaesophagus)?

A

esophagus runs between the aorta and ligamentum arteriosum and becomes constricted
- also called persistant right aortic arch

48
Q

What forms the subsinuosal interventricular branch in the pig and horse? Dog and ox?

A

The subsinuosal interventricular branch originates from the left coronary artery in the dog, cat, and ox, and from the right coronary artery in the horse and pig.

49
Q

How is the left subclavian artery arranged in the horse, ox, dog, and pig?

A

In the dog and pig, the left subclavian artery branches directly from the aorta; in the horse and ox, both subclavian arteries branch from the brachiocephalic trunk.

Erin's Gross Lectures (12 decks)

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