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Erin's Gross Lectures > Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the area of the abdominal wall? (borders)

A

the area extending from the costal arch to the pelvis, and from the ventral border of the epaxial muscles to the linea alba (midventral midline)

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2
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdominal wall on each side?

A
  • craniodorsal quadrant
  • caudodorsal quadrant
  • cranioventral quadrant
  • caudoventral quadrant
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3
Q

What are the regions of the cranial abdominal region?

A
  • Xiphoid region

- Hypochondriac region (left and right)

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4
Q

What are the regions of the middle abdominal region?

A
  • Umbilical region

- Lateral abdominal region (left and right)

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5
Q

What are the regions of the caudal abdominal region?

A
  • Pubic region

- Inguinal region (left and right)

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6
Q

What innervates the abdominal wall? Where are they located?

A

Ventral branches of spinal nerves T13 - L5

  • Lateral cutaneous branches located between skin and external abdominal oblique m.
  • Medial branches seen between internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis mm.
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7
Q

What are the names of the ventral branches of spinal nerves L1 - L4?

A

L1 - Cranial iliohypogastric
L2 - Caudal iliohypogastric
L3 - Iliolumbar
L4 - Lateral cutaneous femoral

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8
Q

What is the artery of note in the caudodorsal quadrant of the abdomen? (Blood supply to abdominal wall)

A

deep circumflex iliac a.

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9
Q

What is the artery of note in the craniodorsal quadrant of the abdomen? (Blood supply to abdominal wall)

A

Phrenicoabdominal a.

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10
Q

What are the arteries of note in the caudoventral quadrant of the abdomen? (Blood supply to abdominal wall)

A
  • Caudal epigastric and caudal superficial epigastric aa.
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11
Q

What are the arteries of note in the cranioventral quadrant of the abdomen? (Blood supply to abdominal wall)

A
  • cranial epigastric and cranial superficial epigastric aa.
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12
Q

How is the mammae supplied with blood?

A

by the cranial and caudal superficial epigastric arteries

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13
Q

The Internal thorasic a. gives rise to the ______1______ which gives rise to _______2_______

A

1 - cranial epigastric a.

2 - cranial superficial epigastric a.

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14
Q

What does the external pudendal a. give rise to?

A

caudal superficial epigastric a.

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15
Q

What is the origin of the external abdominal oblique?

A

ribs and thoracolumbar fascia

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16
Q

What is the insertion of the external abdominal oblique?

A

aponeurosis (sheet-like tendon) of this muscle imparts a broad attachment of the muscle at the linea alba (white line, mid-ventral raphe)

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17
Q

What is the most superficial of the abdominal muscles?

A

the external abdominal oblique

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18
Q

The ventral border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique forms what?

A

the inguinal ligament

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19
Q

What does the inguinal ligament attach to?

A

attaches to the iliopubic eminence and the prepubic tendon

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20
Q

There are openings in the external abdominal oblique for what? (3)

A
  1. Vascular lacuna (femoral vv.)
  2. Muscular lacuna (iliopsoas m.)
  3. Superficial inguinal ring (vaginal process/tunic, genitofemoral nerve, external pudendal a. and v., cremaster m.)
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21
Q

What lies deep to the external abdominal oblique?

A

internal abdominal oblique

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22
Q

What is the orientation of the fibers of the external abdominal oblique?

A

caudodorsal orientation (craniodorsal -> caudoventral)

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23
Q

What is the orientation of the fibers of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

cranioventrally (caudodorsal -> cranioventral)

24
Q

What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

tuber coxae, inguinal ligament, and thoracolumnar fascia

25
Q

What is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

inserts via wide aponeurosis on the costal arch, rectus abdominis, linea alba, and prepubic tendon

26
Q

What is the deepest abdominal muscle?

A

transversus abdominis

27
Q

What is the origin of the transversus abdominis?

A

process of the lumbar vertebrae and thoracolumnar fascia

28
Q

What is the insertion of the transversus abdominis?

A

linea alba

29
Q

What is the rectus abdominis? (action)

A

flexor of the vertebral column

- it is the six pack muscle due to distinct transverse tendinous insertions

30
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?

A

extends from the prepubic tendon to the sternum

31
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

the aponeuroses of the abdominal oblique muscles and the transversus abdominis m.

32
Q

What is the structure of the rectus sheath near the pubis?

A

all three aponeuroses’ lie superficial to the rectus abdominis

33
Q

What is the structure of the rectus sheath caudal to the umbilicus?

A

the aponeuroses of the transversus abdominis m. lies deep to the rectus abdominis
- others lay above the rectus abdominis

34
Q

What is the structure of the rectus sheath cranial to the umbilicus?

A

the aponeuroses of the internal abdominal oblique splits and forms a sleeve around the rectus abdominis m.
- transversus abdominis lies underneath, the external abdominal oblique lies on top

35
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

a flattened canal between the deep and superficial inguinal rings

36
Q

What passes obliquely through the inguinal canal?

A

the vaginal process (female) and vaginal tunic/spermatic cord (male)

37
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

the slit-like opening in the ventral aspect of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m.

38
Q

What are the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring?

A
  • Cranial boundary is the ventral (caudal) border of the internal abdominal oblique m.
  • Medial boundary is the rectus abdominis m.
  • Caudal boundary is the inguinal ligament
39
Q

What is used to access the cecum in the horse and cattle?

A

the RIGHT paralumbar fossa

40
Q

What is used to access the rumenin the cow/bull?

A

the LEFT paralumbar fossa

41
Q

What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique m. in the horse?

A

solely from the tuber coxae

42
Q

What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique in the bull/cow?

A

the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and thoracolumnar vertebrae as well as the tuber coxae

43
Q

What supports the weight of the abdominal viscera?

A

the tunica abdominis

44
Q

What type of tissue makes up the tunica flava abdominis?

A

elastic tissue - often yellowish in color

45
Q

Where is the tunica flava abdominis thickest and why?

A

thickest ventrally where fibers of the fascia exchange fibers with the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

46
Q

What is the linea alba formed by?

A

the unity of the left and right aponeuroses of abdominal mm. at the midline

47
Q

What is the linea alba strengthened by caudally?

A

longitudinal fibers

48
Q

What forms the pubic tendon?

A

the combination of the linea alba with insertion tendons of the left/right rectus abdominis mm. -> forms a broad plate

49
Q

What is susceptible to rupture in the pregnant mare?

A

prepubic tendon

50
Q

The accessory ligament of the femoral head extends from What in the horse?

A

the prepubic tendon

51
Q

What is the accessory ligament (of the femoral head) located deep to as it extends through the acetabular notch?

A

the transverse acetabular ligament

52
Q

Where does the accessory ligament of the femoral head insert?

A

on the femoral head adjacent to the ligament of the head of the femur

53
Q

What is the action of the accessory ligament of the femoral head?

A
  • tensed by weight of the abdomen and this tension helps secure femoral head in place
  • limits movement at the coxofemoral joint; prevents side kicking
54
Q

What are the borders of the paralumbar fossa?

A

Base: along the tips of the lumbar transverse processes
Cranioventral border: last rib
Caudoventral border: ridge formed by part of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that extends from the tuber coxae to the ventral end of the last rib of the ox

55
Q

Where is the paralumbar fossa and what does it look like?

A

a sunken triangular region caudal to the last rib

56
Q

What is an important palpable landmark in the horse when locating the paralumbar fossa?

A

the tuber coxae

Erin's Gross Lectures (12 decks)

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