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Erin's Gross Lectures > Ruminant Stomach and Intestine > Flashcards

Ruminant Stomach and Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ruminant?

A

mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions (stomach fermenter)
- also regurgitate food so it can be chewed again

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2
Q

Where does fermentation occur in the horse?

A

cecum and ascending colon

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3
Q

What are the four regions of the ruminant stomach?

A
  • Reticulum (stomach with net)
  • Rumen (papillary stomach)
  • Omasum (stomach with leaves)
  • Abomasum (true stomach)
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4
Q

What does the orientation and size of the abdominal viscera vary with?

A

age and pregnancy

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5
Q

How are the viscera arranged in a newborn calf?

A
  • liver and abomasum are enlarged compared to a 5 year old cow
  • enlarged abomasum displaces the liver to the right of the abdomen
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6
Q

How are the viscera arranged in a 5 year old cow?

A
  • the rumen is large and occupies the entire left side of the abdomen
  • The liver is pushed cranially by the omasum
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7
Q

How are the viscera arranged in a heavily pregnant cow?

A
  • uterus displaces the rumen dorsally and abomasum cranially
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8
Q

How does the ruminant stomach sit in the cow?

A
  • laterally compressed with the bulk of it displaced to the left (fills right side of abdomen)
  • Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet
  • Sometimes caudoventral part extends well over median plane into the right half of the abdominal cavity
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9
Q

What does the parietal surface of the ruminant stomach lay against? Visceral surface?

A

Parietal surface: is in contact with the left abdominal wall, diaphragm, and floor of the abdomen
Visceral surface: faces the right and is related chiefly to the intestines and the liver

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10
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral curvatures/ where do they lay?

A

Dorsal curvature: lies against the diaphragm and dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity
Ventral curvature: follows the contour of the abdominal floor

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11
Q

What divides the rumen into various compartments?

A

external grooves on the surface correlate with internal pillars that divide the rumen into various compartments

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12
Q

What are the grooves on the surface of the rumen?

A
  • cranial and caudal grooves
  • L/R longitudinal grooves
  • Dorsal and ventral coronary grooves
  • L/R accessory grooves
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13
Q

What separates the ventral ruminal sac from the caudoventral blind sac?

A

the ventral coronary groove/pillar

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14
Q

What separates the dorsal ruminal sac from the caudodorsal blind sac?

A

the dorsal coronary groove/pillar

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15
Q

What is the insula ruminis and where is it found?

A

A sac located between the right accessory groove and the right longitudinal groove

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16
Q

How does a vet obtain access to the rumen in the ox?

A

through the paralumbar fossa (left)

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17
Q

Where does the spleen attach in the ox and where is it located?

A

attached to the craniodorsal aspect of the atrium of the rumen; located in the left hypochondriac region

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18
Q

What is the intraruminal orifice (or intraruminal osteum)

A

an internal ring that is bound by the right and left longitudinal pillars and the cranial and caudal pillars and is the boundary between the dorsal and ventral ruminal sacs

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19
Q

What is the ruminoreticular fold?

A

separates the reticulum from the atrium in ruminents

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20
Q

What is found in the dorsal-most layer and ventral-most layer of the rumen?

A 
dorsal = gas bubble
ventral = liquid zone
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21
Q

Where is the reticulum located?

A

at the cranioventral part of the stomach and lies immediately caudal to the left half of the diaphragm

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22
Q

Where does traumatic reticulitis or hardware disease occur? What causes it?

A

In the reticulum. Occurs when metal objects become lodged within the reticulum

23
Q

What happens to the reticular groove in the unweaned animal and why?

A

it closes to form a tube-like gastric groove, which conveys milk directly from the esophagus to the abomasum

24
Q

What can happen during traumatic reticulitis or hardware disease?

A
  1. sharp objects can pierce through the cranial aspect of the reticulum and the diaphragm and may puncture the pericardium and/or heart
25
Q

How is traumatic reticulitis or hardware disease treated?

A

placement of magnets into the reticulum collects metal scraps and prevents them from puncturing through the walls of the reticulum

26
Q

What causes/stimulates the formation of the gastric groove?

A
  • stimulated by ADH
  • In adult, use of drugs (eg: copper sulfate) can help crate the tube so that certain products bypass the fore-stomachs and travel directly into the abomasum
27
Q

What is the sequence of flow with an open reticular groove?

A

cardia -> reticular groove -> reticulum -> ruminoreticular orifice -> rumen -> ruminoreticular orifice -> reticulum -> regurgitation

28
Q

What is the sequence of flow with a closed reticular groove?

A

cardia -> reticular groove -> reticulo-omasal orifice -> omasal groove -> omasoabomasal orifice -> abomasal groove

29
Q

What is the cavity of the omasum occupied by?

A

numerous longitudinal folds, or laminae

30
Q

What are the two openings of the omasum?

A
  • reticulo-omasal orifice

- omasoabomasal orifice

31
Q

What is the inner appearance of the omasum?

A

has many parallel folds of varying sizes (omasal laminae) with interlaminar recesses between them
- laminae are studded with papillae

32
Q

What is the inner appearance of the abomasum?

A

Has spiral folds that are permanent (do not dissapear with distention as is the case with rugae)

33
Q

What does the torus pyloricus do and where is it?

A

A round protuberance on the internal aspect of the pylorus on the side of the lesser curvature that enhances the pyloric sphincter

34
Q

Where are the majority of stomach compartments located?

A

deep to the ribs

35
Q

Where is the border of the base of the paralumbar fossa? What is the cranioventral and caudoventral border?

A

Base: along the tips of the lumbar transverse processes
Cranioventral: last rib
Caudoventral: ridge formed by the part of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that extends from the tuber coxae to the ventral end of the last rib of the ox

36
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A
  • abomasum (greater curvature)
  • reticulum
  • Left longitudinal groove (superficial leaf)
  • Right longitudinal groove (deep leaf)
  • Also mesoduodenum (of descending duodenum, from cranial to caudal duodenal flexure), left lobe of pancreas, spleen
37
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A
  • abomasum (lesser curvature)

- Omasum (base)

38
Q

What is formed by the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum?

A

Form a sling within which the bulk of the intestines reside

- Also forms a bursa within which the ventral ruminal sac resides

39
Q

What is the main blood supply of the rumen and where is it found?

A
  • right ruminal artery ( a branch of the splenic a.) which courses in the right accessory groove, through the caudal groove. (gives off R/L dorsal and ventral coronary aa. within corresponding coronary grooves)
  • Left ruminal a. which passes through the cranial groove from right to left and extends into the left accessory groove.
40
Q

What is the main blood supply to the omasum?

A

left gastric artery (branch of the celiac artery)

41
Q

What supplies the reticulum with blood?

A
  • reticular artery of the left ruminal artery

- Accessory reticular artery (may branch from left gastric a.) (gives rise to left gastroepiploric a.)

42
Q

What supplies the greater and lesser curvatures of the abomasum with blood?

A

greater curvature: left and right gastroepiploric aa.

lesser curvature: left and right gastric aa.

43
Q

What is the major innervation of the rumen, omasum and reticulum?

A

dorsal vagal trunk
- the atrium of the rumen, omasum, reticulum, and abomasum are innervated by branches from both the dorsal an ventral vagal trunks

44
Q

What is the supraomental recess bound by?

A

bound by the rumen on the left and the greater omentum on the right

45
Q

True or false? During pregnancy, the Gravid uterus may extend into the supraomental recess.

A

True

46
Q

True or false? The major duodenal papilla of large ruminants drains both the pancreatic duct and bile duct.

A

False. only the bile duct in large ruminents. The pancreatic duct travels to the minor duodenal papilla instead

47
Q

True or false? The major duodenal papilla of small ruminants drains both the pancreatic duct and bile duct.

A

True

48
Q

What are the parts of the spiral loop?

A
  • centripetal gyri
  • Central flexure
  • Centrifugal gyri
49
Q

Which gyri is always on the outer-most surface of the spiral?

A

Centrifugal gyri

50
Q

Which gyri carries ingesta into the loop?

A

centripetal gyri

51
Q

What supplies the jejunum with blood?

A
  • jejunal aa. of the cranial mesenteric artery

- Collateral branch (only in ruminants)

52
Q

What supplies the ileum with blood?

A
  • ileal aa. of jejunal a. and collateral branch
  • Mesenteric ileal branch of ileocolic a.
  • Antimesenteric ileal branch of cecal a. of ileocolic a.
53
Q

What part of the ascending colon is supplied by the colic branch of ileocolic a.? Right colic a.?

A

Colic branch: supplies first half of ascending colon: proximal loop, centripetal portion of spiral loop
Right colic a: supplies second half of ascending colon: centrifugal portion of spiral loop, distal loop

54
Q

What does the collateral branch of the cranial mesenteric a. supply?

A

contributes to blood supply of the last centrifugal loop of the ascending colon and distal jejunum

Erin's Gross Lectures (12 decks)

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