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Anatomy II > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the mediastinum, sits on the diaphragm

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2
Q

The pericardium has __ & ___ layers around the heart

A

Fibrous & serous

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3
Q

3 layers of pericardium

A

Fibrous, parietal, visceral(epicardium)

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4
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity located

A

In between the visceral and parietal lauers

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5
Q

What is the myocardium

A

The muscular layer of the heart

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6
Q

Explain pericarditis & cardiac tamonade

A

Infection of the pericardium, becomes inflamed

Fluid collecting in the cavity causing irritation & makes it hard for the heart to pump

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7
Q

What happens during depolarization in action potential

A

Na+ rushes in, the channels open

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8
Q

What happens during repolarization in action potential

A

Na+ out, channels close. K+ rushes in, channels open

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9
Q

Why does cardiac muscle have a plateau phase

A

The delay of repolarization, the calcium channels stay open

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10
Q

How would myocarditis affect heart function

A

The muscle of the heart is infected and cannot pump properly

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11
Q

What epithelium is is found in the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

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12
Q

Does the endocardium also cover valves

A

Yes

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13
Q

Explain endocarditis and how it would affect the heart

A

Could cause valve damage, or lead to blood clots

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14
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump

A

It pumps to 2 circulatory pathways

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15
Q

In a healthy heart, does the right and left ventricles pump the same amount of blood?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What 3 veins bring blood to the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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17
Q

Describe blood flow starting in the superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava

A

SVC/IVC -> right atrium-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery-> lungs(become oxygenated)-> L. pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> bicuspid valve-> left ventricle-> aortic semilunar valve-> aorta-> systemic circulation.

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18
Q

4 venous opening in the right atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins
(2 left & 2 right)

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19
Q

AV valves open when the pressure in the ___ is greater than the ____

A

Atria, ventricle

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20
Q

Approximate pressure in the pulmonary artery

A

12-16 mmhg

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21
Q

Approximate pressure in the aorta

A

120 mmhg

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22
Q

Tissue found in the valves

A

Dense irregular tissue with simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What cause the first lubb sound

A

AV valves closing, semilunar opening

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24
Q

What causes the second dubb sound

A

Semilunar valves closing, AV valves opening

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25
What is a heart murmur
Extra heart sounds like gurgling, or rushing sounds
26
What are the coronary arteries on the right side
Right coronary artery Marginal artery
27
What are the coronary arteries on the left side?
Left coronary artery Circumflex artery Left anterior interventricular artery
28
Marginal artery supplies blood to
The right ventricle
29
The circumflex artery supplies blood to
The left atrium
30
The anterior interventricular artery supplies blood to
Both ventricles
31
Define ischemia
Decreased oxygen supply
32
Angina pectoris
Pain in the chest due to low oxygen
33
Myocardial infarction
Death of myocardium (heart attack)
34
The SA node is the ____ of the heart, and fires at a rate of ____
Pacemaker, 75x/minute
35
Does an increase thyroid hormone increase or decrease speed of heart
Increases, causing to beat harder and faster
36
Does adrenaline increase or decrease speed of heart
Speeds it up
37
Does the PNS increase or decrease heart rate
Slows down action potential so slows down heart rate
38
Pathway of action potential
SA node-> AV node-> bundle of His-> bundle branches-> purkinje fibers
39
What causes the P wave, what initiates it?
Atrial depolarization, the SA nose influences it
40
What causes the QRS wave? What happens at the end of this wave?
Ventricle depolarization, atria repolarization
41
What causes the T wave?
Ventricle Repolarization
42
The plateau between PQ is what?
The AV node delay
43
Atrial contraction happens after the __ wave
P
44
Ventricular contraction happens after the __ wave
R wave through T wave
45
Define systole
Contraction of ventricle
46
Define diastole
Relaxation of ventricle
47
Cardiac cycle= ___ beats of the heart
One beat
48
____ percent of blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria
70%
49
Are the AV valves open or closed during diastole
Open
50
Are the semilunar valves open or closed during diastole?
Closed
51
Systole takes approximately ___ seconds
0.3 sec
52
Name the 5 phases in the cardiac cycle
DIASTOLE 1 atrial systole SYSTOLE 2 isovolumetric contraction 3 ejection phase DIASTOLE 4 isovolumetric relaxation 5 passive filling
53
Define SV, approximately how many mL
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle, 70mL
54
Define EDV, approximately how many mL
Amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole, 120mL
55
Define ESV, approximately how many mL
The amount of blood in the heart after the SV was pumped, 50mL
56
SV= ___ - ___
EDV-ESV
57
EDV=___ + ___
ESV+SV
58
If preload increases, SV ___
Increases
59
Define after load
The blood pressure in the arteries leaving the heart
60
Cardiac output=___ x ___
SV x heart rate
61
Define cardiac reserve
A measure of how much cardiac output can be increased above normal
62
Define chrontropic
Rate or time with the ANS
63
Define inotropic
The contraction of force by Ca++
64
Does SNS Or ANS increase heart rate
The sympathetic NS
65
Ejection fraction= ___ divided ___ x 100
EF= SV/ EDV x 100
66
Is atrial or ventricle fibrillation more life threatening, why?
Ventricle fibrillation, because the cardiac output would be 0. Atrial fibrillation would not because there would still be a cardiac output of at least 70%
67
Define tachycardia
A fast heart rate
68
Define bradycardia
A slower heart rate
69
What NS influences the pacemaker of the heart
The ANS

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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