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Anatomy II > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the mediastinum, sits on the diaphragm

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2
Q

The pericardium has __ & ___ layers around the heart

A

Fibrous & serous

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3
Q

3 layers of pericardium

A

Fibrous, parietal, visceral(epicardium)

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4
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity located

A

In between the visceral and parietal lauers

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5
Q

What is the myocardium

A

The muscular layer of the heart

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6
Q

Explain pericarditis & cardiac tamonade

A

Infection of the pericardium, becomes inflamed

Fluid collecting in the cavity causing irritation & makes it hard for the heart to pump

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7
Q

What happens during depolarization in action potential

A

Na+ rushes in, the channels open

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8
Q

What happens during repolarization in action potential

A

Na+ out, channels close. K+ rushes in, channels open

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9
Q

Why does cardiac muscle have a plateau phase

A

The delay of repolarization, the calcium channels stay open

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10
Q

How would myocarditis affect heart function

A

The muscle of the heart is infected and cannot pump properly

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11
Q

What epithelium is is found in the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

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12
Q

Does the endocardium also cover valves

A

Yes

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13
Q

Explain endocarditis and how it would affect the heart

A

Could cause valve damage, or lead to blood clots

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14
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump

A

It pumps to 2 circulatory pathways

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15
Q

In a healthy heart, does the right and left ventricles pump the same amount of blood?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What 3 veins bring blood to the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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17
Q

Describe blood flow starting in the superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava

A

SVC/IVC -> right atrium-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery-> lungs(become oxygenated)-> L. pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> bicuspid valve-> left ventricle-> aortic semilunar valve-> aorta-> systemic circulation.

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18
Q

4 venous opening in the right atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins
(2 left & 2 right)

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19
Q

AV valves open when the pressure in the ___ is greater than the ____

A

Atria, ventricle

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20
Q

Approximate pressure in the pulmonary artery

A

12-16 mmhg

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21
Q

Approximate pressure in the aorta

A

120 mmhg

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22
Q

Tissue found in the valves

A

Dense irregular tissue with simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What cause the first lubb sound

A

AV valves closing, semilunar opening

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24
Q

What causes the second dubb sound

A

Semilunar valves closing, AV valves opening

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25
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Extra heart sounds like gurgling, or rushing sounds

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26
Q

What are the coronary arteries on the right side

A

Right coronary artery
Marginal artery

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27
Q

What are the coronary arteries on the left side?

A

Left coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Left anterior interventricular artery

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28
Q

Marginal artery supplies blood to

A

The right ventricle

29
Q

The circumflex artery supplies blood to

A

The left atrium

30
Q

The anterior interventricular artery supplies blood to

A

Both ventricles

31
Q

Define ischemia

A

Decreased oxygen supply

32
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Pain in the chest due to low oxygen

33
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Death of myocardium (heart attack)

34
Q

The SA node is the ____ of the heart, and fires at a rate of ____

A

Pacemaker, 75x/minute

35
Q

Does an increase thyroid hormone increase or decrease speed of heart

A

Increases, causing to beat harder and faster

36
Q

Does adrenaline increase or decrease speed of heart

A

Speeds it up

37
Q

Does the PNS increase or decrease heart rate

A

Slows down action potential so slows down heart rate

38
Q

Pathway of action potential

A

SA node-> AV node-> bundle of His-> bundle branches-> purkinje fibers

39
Q

What causes the P wave, what initiates it?

A

Atrial depolarization, the SA nose influences it

40
Q

What causes the QRS wave? What happens at the end of this wave?

A

Ventricle depolarization, atria repolarization

41
Q

What causes the T wave?

A

Ventricle Repolarization

42
Q

The plateau between PQ is what?

A

The AV node delay

43
Q

Atrial contraction happens after the __ wave

A

P

44
Q

Ventricular contraction happens after the __ wave

A

R wave through T wave

45
Q

Define systole

A

Contraction of ventricle

46
Q

Define diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricle

47
Q

Cardiac cycle= ___ beats of the heart

A

One beat

48
Q

____ percent of blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria

A

70%

49
Q

Are the AV valves open or closed during diastole

A

Open

50
Q

Are the semilunar valves open or closed during diastole?

A

Closed

51
Q

Systole takes approximately ___ seconds

A

0.3 sec

52
Q

Name the 5 phases in the cardiac cycle

A

DIASTOLE 1 atrial systole
SYSTOLE 2 isovolumetric contraction
3 ejection phase
DIASTOLE 4 isovolumetric relaxation
5 passive filling

53
Q

Define SV, approximately how many mL

A

Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle, 70mL

54
Q

Define EDV, approximately how many mL

A

Amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole, 120mL

55
Q

Define ESV, approximately how many mL

A

The amount of blood in the heart after the SV was pumped, 50mL

56
Q

SV= ___ - ___

A

EDV-ESV

57
Q

EDV=___ + ___

A

ESV+SV

58
Q

If preload increases, SV ___

A

Increases

59
Q

Define after load

A

The blood pressure in the arteries leaving the heart

60
Q

Cardiac output=___ x ___

A

SV x heart rate

61
Q

Define cardiac reserve

A

A measure of how much cardiac output can be increased above normal

62
Q

Define chrontropic

A

Rate or time with the ANS

63
Q

Define inotropic

A

The contraction of force by Ca++

64
Q

Does SNS Or ANS increase heart rate

A

The sympathetic NS

65
Q

Ejection fraction= ___ divided ___ x 100

A

EF= SV/ EDV x 100

66
Q

Is atrial or ventricle fibrillation more life threatening, why?

A

Ventricle fibrillation, because the cardiac output would be 0.
Atrial fibrillation would not because there would still be a cardiac output of at least 70%

67
Q

Define tachycardia

A

A fast heart rate

68
Q

Define bradycardia

A

A slower heart rate

69
Q

What NS influences the pacemaker of the heart

A

The ANS

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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