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Anatomy II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What epithelium is found in the nasal cavity?

A

Psuedostratified epithelium

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2
Q

What structure helps circulate air in the nasal epithelium?

A

The nasal conchae
(Inferior, middle, and superior)

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3
Q

What membrane covers the conchae?

A

Mucus membrane

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4
Q

Name 2 ducts that drain into that nasal cavity

A

Nasolacrimal & perinatal sinuses

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5
Q

Name 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxilla

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6
Q

What structures are connected by the nasolacrimal duct

A

The eye and nasal cavity

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7
Q

What is connected by the internal Nares?

A

The nasal cavity & the pharynx

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8
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Naso-, oro-, laryngo-

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9
Q

What epithelium is in the oro & laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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10
Q

What tonsil is in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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11
Q

What tonsil is in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine tonsil

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12
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Equalizes pressure in the middle ear

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13
Q

Name 3 single cartilages

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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14
Q

Name 3 paired cartilages

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuniform

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15
Q

Function of epiglottis? Tissues of the epiglottis?

A

Closes when swallowing,
Elastic cartilage with mucus membrane

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16
Q

The vocal cords connect with the _____ cartilage anteriorly and the ___ cartilage posteriorly

A

Thyroid, arytenoid

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17
Q

Are the false vocal cords superior or inferior to the true vocal cords

A

Superior

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18
Q

Epithelium in the trachea? What cartilage is in the trachea?

A

Ciliated Psuedostratified epithelium with the hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Why is there a C shape cartilage in the trachea

A

Keep trachea from collapsing & helps with esophagus expansion

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20
Q

What’s the carina?

A

The ridge that separates the right and left bronchi

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21
Q

The right lung has __ lobes and the left has ___ lobes

A

3, 2

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22
Q

The secondary bronchi supply a __ of the lung

A

Lobe
(The right lung has 3 secondary bronchi and the left has 2)

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23
Q

The tertiary bronchi supply a ___ of a ___ of a lung

A

Segment, lobe

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24
Q

How does the wall of bronchi change?

A

Less cartilage & gains smooth muscle

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25
Define respiratory zone
Includes alveoli only, where O2 enters the blood and CO2 enters the alveolus
26
Define conducting zone
Includes all other parts of the respiratory tract, no gas exchange
27
Epithelium in the alveoli?
Simple squamous with connective tissues
28
What characteristics could compromise the respiratory membrane?
1 The thickness of the membrane 2 The surface area is compromised 3 The solubility of the gases 4 the gas concentration
29
Purpose of septal cells
Make surfactant
30
What’s surfactant? What components are found in?
Phospholipid reduces surface tension, Includes proteins cholesterol
31
Right lungs 3 lobes? What separates the sup. & middle lobes? What separates the middle and inf. lobes?
1 Superior, inferior, and middle 2 horizontal 3 oblique
32
What fissure separates the left lungs lobes?
Oblique fissure
33
Define hilum, name 3 structures
Groove that allows the passage of structures in the lung (Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics)
34
Name the 2 blood supplies I’m the lung
Pulmonary circulation- blood in lung to be oxygenated Bronchial circulation- blood in lung from aorta to bring oxygen to lung tissue.
35
Name 3 structures in the space b/t the lungs
Heart, thymus, trachea
36
The plexus has what membrane and tissues?
Serous membrane with connective and areolar tissues
37
The partial pleura connects to what?
Diaphragm
38
The visceral pleura connects to the what?
Surface of the lungs
39
The pleural pressure is higher/lower than the atmosphere pressure
Lower ( it’s negative pressure)
40
Define pneumothorax
A fully collapsed lung bc air leaks to the pleural cavity
41
Define atelectasis
A partially collapsed lung caused by a blockage of air
42
Name the 3 processes in the respiratory system, define each
Pulmonary ventilation- inhale and exhale External respiration- exchange of gases b/t alveoli and capillaries Internal respiration- exchange of gases b/t the capillaries and tissues
43
Average breaths per minute
12-16 per min.
44
While inhalation the pressure on the outside is ___ than the inside
Greater
45
While expiration the pressure in the inside is ____ than the outside
Greater
46
What muscles Contract to make the thorax larger?
Diaphragm External inter coastal
47
What nerve inner ages the diaphragm? How many are there?
The oh remix never, 2
48
Define TV, normal range
Amount of air normally inhaled or exhaled, 500 mL
49
Define ERV, normal range
The additional air that can be exhaled After TV, 1200 mL
50
Define IRV, normal range
Additional air that can be taken in after the TV, 3000 mL
51
Define VC, normal?
Total exchangeable air, 4700 mL VC= IRV + TV + ERV
52
Define residual volume, normal?
Air in the lungs that cannot be exchanged, 1200 mL
53
MVR formula
BPM x TV
54
AVR formula
BPM x (TV - dead air space)
55
Define partial pressure
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mix of gases
56
Partial pressure of O2 oxygenated and deoxygenated
Oxygen- 105 Deoxygenated- 40
57
Partial pressure of CO2 oxygenated and deoxygenated
Oxygen- 40 Deoxygenated- 45
58
Ventilation defined
Air movement to and from the air sacs
59
Define perfusion
Blood flow around air sacs
60
Name 2 ways O2 travels
Hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma (3%)
61
3 causes for a right shift in the O2 sat curve
Low pH High CO2 High temp
62
3 causes for a left shift in the O2 sat curve
High pH low temp Low CO2
63
Equation for the reaction of CO2 and water
CO2+H2O<—>H2CO3<—>H+HCO3-
64
Name 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood
70% as bicarb 23% as carbaminohemoglobin 7% dissolved in plasma
65
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of CO2 and water?
Carbonic anhydrase
66
Hyperventilation leads to ____ which is a ___ in CO2
Hypocapnia, decrease
67
Hypoventilation leads to ____ which is a ___ in CO2 in the blood
Hypercapnia, increase
68
What’s the function of false vocal cords
Increase abdominal pressure& close airway
69
Significance of bronchioles in the lungs?
Determine BP like arterioles
70
Components of the respiratory membrane
Alveolar and capillary walls
71
Term of difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
72
Define compliance
Amount of stretch
73
How can airway resistance be increased
Bronchiole constrict
74
What medicine decreases airway resistance
Adrenaline
75
Why is carbon monoxide poisoning soo deadly
It binds easier than oxygen
76
Where is respiration controlled
Medulla and pons
77
What part of the brain controls bpm
DRG
78
What part of the brain affects rate of breathing
VRG

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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