The Blood Flashcards by Grace Hedges

Normal pH of blood:

7.35-7.45

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How many total liters are blood found in male & female?

Male: 5-6
Female: 4-5

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Is plasma extra cellular or intracellular?

Extracellular, in the matrix

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What type of tissue is blood considered?

Connective tissue

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Whole blood components: ____ & _____

Cells and plasma

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The 6 solutes in plasma:

Gases
Hormones
Enzymes
Waste
Ions
Proteins

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3 plasma proteins:

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

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Globulin function

Antibodies and transport proteins

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Fibrinogen function

Blood clotting

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Albumin function

Role in osmotic pressure
(The pressure it takes to stop water from one side of the vessel entering the other side)

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What does low albumin cause

Edema

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3 formed elements in whole blood

RBC
WBC
platelets

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Hematocrit definition, normal ranges?

% of RBC in blood

Male: 42-55
Female: 38-50

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Hematopoiesis definition

Whole blood formation

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Erythropoiesis definition

RBC formation

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Where are all adult blood cells made? Where is that located?

Red bone marrow
In the epiphysis of long bones

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All blood cells are made from the same ______.

Hematopoietic stem cell
(Hemocytoblast)

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How does a stem cell know which cell to become?

The different hormones influencing the cell

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Erythropoietin defined, what does it increase?

Hormone made by the kidneys when oxygen is low, increases erythropoiesis

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What does the colony stimulating factor increase?

Growth of WBC cells

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How many RBCS per mm3

4-6 million

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How long do RBCS Live

120 days

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Polycythemia

Too many RBC

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Anemia

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

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What element binds to oxygen in hemoglobin? How many

Iron, 4

Normal hemoglobin range in male/female?

Male: 14-18 g/dL Female: 12-16 g/dL

WBC per mm3?

5k-10k

What’s the major histocompatibility complex?

Proteins on cell to detect ‘self’ & foreign pathogens

Too many WBC?

Leukocytosis

Too few WBC?

Leukopenia

Diapedisis defined

The ability for a cell to squeeze through capillary walls to tissue

What WBC goes through diapedesis

Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

Chemotaxis

WBC attracted to an area from certain chemicals

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes engulf other cells or paghogens

5 types of leukocytes and their abundances

Neutrophils 50-70 Lymphocytes 20-40 Monocytes 2-8 Eosinophils 2-4 Basophils 0-1

Function of neutrophils

First line of defense

Purpose of defensins Lysosomes & oxidants in neutrophils

Defensins antibacterial chemical Lysozymes digestive enzymes Oxidants take certain chemicals away

Eosinophils take a role with ____ & ____

Parasitic worms & allergens

Significance of basophils with anaphylactic shock

Causes BP drop, hard breathing, bronchioles constrict

The basophils contain histamine, heparin, & serotonin. Significance?

Heparin- stops clotting Histamine- mediates inflammation Serotonin- increases vessel permeability

3 types of lymphocytes, functions?

T cells- immune function B cells- makes antibodies Nk cells- kills invaders or faulty cells

Monocytes leave the blood and go to the tissues to become what?

Macrophages

Are platelets cells?

No, they are cell fragments full with granules

Mm3 of platelets

200k-400k

Function of platelets?

Clotting functions (hemostasis)

What is a megakaryocyte

Cells with nuclei, where platelets shed off of.

Substances in platelets

Actin/myosin Clotting factors ADP Serotonin Thromboxane A2

The 3 steps in hemostasis

Vascular spasm Platelet plug Coagulation

Significance of prostacyclin?

A prostaglandin that inhibits platelet aggregation

Result of coagulation?

A permanent plug made of fibrin

What 2 things does coagulation require?

Specifically Vit k & calcium

Damaged cells activate clotting factors like ___

Prothrombinase

What reaction does prothrombinase activate?

Prothrombin——> thrombin

What reaction does thrombin activate

Fibrinogen ——> fibrin

What is serum

A liquid like plasma with no clotting factors

Extrinsic pathway is damaged ____

Tissue

Intrinsic pathway is damaged ____

Endothelium

What does fibrinolysis begin with

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

What does TPA activate?

Plasminogen ——> plasmin

What does plasmin activate?

Fibrin ——> broken fibrin

What is an embolus

A blood clot circulating in the blood stream?

What is a thrombus

A blood clot that impedes blood flow

What 2 things could cause a thrombus/or embolus

Slow blood flow Uneven epithelium

Clinical setting: TPA function

Can dissolve clots

Clinical setting: heparin

Blocks thrombin, fibrin cannot form to help a wound

Clinical setting: Vit k antagonists

Inhibits clotting factors, prothrombinase cannot for, which is the starting of coagulation