Endocrine system Flashcards by Grace Hedges

Name 2 organ systems that play a role in body functions

Nervous system
Endocrine system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 2 hormones are fat soluble

T3 & T4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why do fat soluble proteins need a transport protein?

In order to pass through the plasma membrane of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why do water soluble proteins require a second messenger?

They are not fat soluble so they can’t pass through the cell membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain negative feedback

When one thing increases the other decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain positive feedback

The more something increases the other thing increases as well.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an eicosaniods

20 carbon fatty acids from essential fat.
These are hormones are “local hormones” bc they act on neighboring cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name a couple eicosanoids functions

Form platelet plug
Body temperature control
Immune functions
Contract smooth muscle of uterus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

Adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

Through the hypothalamus’ releasing hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What controls the posterior pituitary?

The hypothalamus’ neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What portal vein is in the i dindin infundibulum?

Hypophyseal portal vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the hormones made by the anterior pituitary

ACTH
TSH
MSH
FSH
LH
Proclactin
Growth hormone (hGH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

Oxytocin & ADH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 4 tropic hormones

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What gland does TSH work on? What does it produce?

Thyroid gland to make T3 & T4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When t3 & t4 are high, TSH is ____

Low

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ACTH acts on what gland? It’s release is controlled by the _____ to produce _____.

The adrenal gland cortex.
Controlled by the HYPOTHALAMUS to make CORTISOL.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When cortisol is low, _____ of the releasing hormone is made by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does birth control prevent pregnancy?

There is no GnRH, so there is no FSH/LH, which means there is no egg development.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define prolactin

Stimulates milk production and secretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define MSH

Stimulates melanocytes of the skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define giantism

Too much growth hormone as a kid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define acromegaly. Why is widening of the hands a symptom?

Too much growth hormone as an adult. This is caused by rapid growth of tissues and bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a lack of ADH called

Diabetes insipidus

If a person has diabetes insipidus, why is their urine dilute

Lack of ADH causes dilute urine and polyuria bc they cannot reabsorb H2O

What are oxytocin’s 2 target tissues

Mammary gland Uterine muscle

Describe “let down” reflex

This makes the milk flow, it makes prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin makes milk, oxytocin pushed the milk out

Explain the positive feedback of oxytocin

The more oxytocin is made, the more dilation occurs

What is the middle part of the thyroid gland called?

Isthmus

What do c cells make

Calcitonin

What’s the purpose of follicular cells

Synthesize and stores thyroid

How are T3 & T4 stored

In the colloid

What element is needed to make thyroid hormones?

Iodine

Do t3/4 require a protein carrier

Yes bc they aren’t H2O soluble.

Name 3 functions of T3 & T4

Increases metabolism Increase growth Increase heart rate

Define Graves’ disease, name symptoms

Too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms include tachycardia, Inc BP, Inc body temperature

Define goiter

Enlarged thyroid so it can absorb more iodine.

What are the effects of calcitonin on blood calcium?

Calcitonin decreases calcium in the blood

Is calcitonin secretion controlled by the anterior pituitary?

No, it’s directly effected by blood calcium levels

The parathyroid hormone is made by cells called _______ cells.

Chief cells

How does the parathyroid effect calcium? Phosphate?

It increases calcium, it decreases phosphate

The parathyroid promotes the activation of vitamin D to _______(hormone)

Calcitrol.

Signs of hypoparathyroidism

Cramps, muscle spasms, blood clots

What is the adrenal medulla controlled by? The cortex?

Sympathetic NS Anterior pituitary

Name 3 layers of adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

What are the 3 hormones made by each layer of the adrenal cortex

Mineralcorticoids (ALDOSTERONE) Glucocorticoid (CORTISOL) Gonadocorticoids (ANDROGEN)

What is made by the adrenal medulla

Epinephrine

Hyperaldosteronism would lead to _______

Hypokalemia

What is the major function of glucocorticoids?

Increase blood glucose

Name some functions of glucocorticoids

Anti inflammatory Increase BP Needed for handling stress Catabolism (break down fats)

Glucocorticoids ______ the production of collagen

Decrease

Cushings disease

Too much cortisol ( could experience muscle weakness, high glucose, high bp, etc)

Addison’s disease

Lack of cortisol (Low sugar, low aldosterone, low BP, HIGH potassium) THIS CAN BE LIFE THREATENING BC CAUSES ORGAN FAILURE

What hormone plays a role in the alarms phase

Epinephrine

How can the hypothalamus control high levels of cortisol

As cortisol increases, the releasing hormone is blocked

Alpha cells make _____, Beta cells make ____.

Glucagon, Insulin.

What is somatosatin made by delta cells

A growth hormone inhibiting hormone

How does insulin effect glucose levels

Insulin decreases glucose

Define diabetes mellitus

Increased amount of glucose in the body (Type 1- can’t make insulin Type 2- insulin isn’t effective)

Where in the ovary is estrogen made?

In the follicles

TSH Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Anterior pituitary Releases T3&T4 Dec T3/T4, Inc releasing hormone

ACTH made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Anterior pituitary Tells cortex to inc cortisol Dec cortisol, inc releasing hormone

FSH Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Anterior pituitary Egg/sperm production Dec estrogen/testosterone

LH made where? Action? Stimulated by?

A. Pituitary Ovulation/ testosterone Inc estrogen causes ovulation (Also same as FSH)

MSH made where? Action? Stimulated by?

A. Pituitary Inc pigmentation Stimulated by hypothalamus

HGH Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

A. Pituitary Inc glucose, Inc lipolysis, Inc growth Stimulated by hypothalamus

Prolactin Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

A. Pituitary Maintains milk secretion Stimulated by hypothalamus

Oxytocin Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Hypothalamus “Let down” reflex Stimulated by dilation or sucking nipple

ADH Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Hypothalamus Makes nephron water soluble Increased osmolarity

Releasing hormones Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Hypothalamus Inc/Dec of A. Pituitary Stimulated by negative feedback sys

T3 & T4 Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Thyroid Inc HR, Inc metabolism Increase TSH from A. Pituitary

Calcitonin Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Thyroid Decrease blood calcium Increased blood calcium

Parathyroid hormone Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Parathyroid Inc calcium, Inc magnesium, Dec phosphate Decreased blood calcium

Aldosterone(mineralcorticoids) Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Adrenal cortex(zona glomerulosa) Inc Na, Dec K Dec Na, Inc K, Inc angiotensin II

Cortisol (glucocorticoids) Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Adrenal cortex(zona fasciculata) Inc glucose, Inc lipolysis, poor wound healing Increased ACTH

Androgens(gonadocorticoids) Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Adrenal cortex(zona reticularis) Hair pattern —

Epinephrine Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Adrenal medulla Fight or flight response Increased sympathetic NS(hypothalamus)

Glucagon Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Pancreas(alpha cells) Inc glucose Dec blood glucose

Insulin Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Pancrease(beta cells) Lowers blood glucose Increased blood glucose

Estrogen Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Follicles and corpus luteum Female sex characteristics Inc FSH

Progesterone Made where? Action? Stimulated in?

Corpus luteum Growth, maintenance of endometrium Inc LH(FSH)

Testosterone Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Testes (leydig) Male sex characteristics Inc LH stimulated leydigs to make testosterone

HCG Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Placenta Maintains corpus luteum

Relaxin Made where? Action? Stimulated by?

Corpus luteum, placenta Relaxes pubic bone, dilate cervix Increased towards end of pregnancy

Renin Made? Action? Made when?

By kidney Inc BP when BP low, NA low

EPO made where? Action? Made when?

Kidney Inc RBC when in hypoxia

Calcitrol Made where? Action? Made when?

Skin liver and kidney Inc calcium Stimulated by parathyroid

4 hormones made by the GI tract

CCK Secretin Gastrin Histamine

ANP Made where? Action? Made when?

Atria Dec Na Dec BP Stimulated by stretch of heart

Angiotensin II action?

Inc BP, Inc ADH, Inc aldosterone Inc thirst

Lepton Made where? Action?

Adipose tissue Role in puberty

Where are somatomedins produced

Primarily the liver