the gut tube W7

Question 1

4 muscles of mastication?

Answer 1

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

Question 2

3 divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 2

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 3

when does the pharynx become continuous with the oesophagus?

Answer 3

lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

Question 4

where are the sites of constriction on the oesophagus?

Answer 4

boundary between pharynx and oesophagus
crossing of arch of aorta
crossing of left main bronchus
oesophageal hiatus

Question 5

which structure would protect against reflux of food back into the airways?

Answer 5

upper oesophageal sphincter

Question 6

4 main regions of the stomach?

Answer 6

cardia
fundus (top)
body
pyloric part

Question 7

which specialised feature of the stomach lining increases its surface area and allows for expansion?

Answer 7

Gastric rugae/folds

Question 8

branches of the coeliac trunk?

Answer 8

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

Question 9

blood supply to the stomach?

Answer 9

left gastric (lesser curvature, from coeliac)

short gastric (fundus, from splenic)
left gastroepiploic (greater curvature, from splenic)

right gastric (lesser curvature, from common hepatic)
right gastroepiploic (greater curvature, from gastroduodenal (from common hepatic))

Question 10

what structure does the duodenum curve around?

Answer 10

the head and neck of the pancreas

Question 11

what are the two small openings in the duodenum? function?

Answer 11

major duodenal papilla - opening for common bile duct and major pancreatic duct
minor duodenal papilla - opening for accessory pancreatic duct

Question 12

where is the foregut-midgut boundary?

Answer 12

1/2 along the 2nd part of the duodenum (descending)

Question 13

anatomical differences between the ileum and jejunum?

Answer 13

jejunum has fewer arcades and a thicker wall

Question 14

name of the appendix surface landmark?

Answer 14

McBurney’s

Question 15

3 features of the large intestine that differentiate it from the small intestine?

Answer 15

taeniae coli (longitudinal muscles)
haustra (pouches) caused by sacculations
omental appendages/fat tags

Question 16

which structures lie near the right colic flexure?

Answer 16

right kidney (posterior)
liver (anterior)

Question 17

where is the midgut hindgut boundary?

Answer 17

2/3rds along the transverse colon

Question 18

blood supply of the midgut?

Answer 18

superior mesenteric gives off:
-jejunal arteries
-ileal arteries
-appendicular artery
-ileocolic artery
-right colic artery
-middle colic artery

Question 19

what organ lies near the left colic flexure?

Answer 19

spleen

Question 20

which space lies lateral to the descending and ascending colons?

Answer 20

paracolic gutters

Question 21

Within which quadrant of the abdominal cavity does the sigmoid colon lie?

Answer 21

lower left quadrant

Question 22

where does the sigmoid become the rectum

Answer 22

rectosigmoid junction (~S3)

Question 23

name for transverse folds in the rectum?

Answer 23

rectal valves

Question 24

at which level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta?

Answer 24

L3

Question 24

features of anal sphincters?

Answer 24

internal - involuntary innervation
external - voluntary innervation

Question 24

blood supply to the hindgut?

Answer 24

inferior mesenteric artery:
-left colic artery
-sigmoid arteries
-superior rectal artery

Question 25

which muscle types form the muscularis externa layer in the oesophagus?

Answer 25

upper 1/3 - skeletal
middle 1/3 - skeletal/smooth
lower 1/3 - smooth

Question 26

what type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

Answer 26

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 27

layers of the oesophagus?

Answer 27

mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia

Question 28

layers of the small intestine?

Answer 28

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa (inner circular, outer longitudinal)

Question 29

structure of the small intestine mucosa?

Answer 29

villi found on large circular folds (plicae)
microvilli on epithelial lining
tall columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)
goblet cells (secrete mucus)

Question 30

what is the predominant types of cell present in the colon surface epithelium?

Answer 30

enterocytes and goblet cells

Question 31

difference in mucosal layer in colon and small intestine?

Answer 31

colon has no villi present and deep crypts