practical 1 neuro intro W2 Flashcards
what passes through the foramen magnum?
spinal cord
vertebral arteries
what passes through the carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
what passes through the optic canal?
optic nerve
ophthalmic artery
what would you expect to find in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
arteries
major sheets formed by the dura to separate parts of brain - names and location?
falx cerebri - vertical sheet in midline of skull between cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli - horizontal sheet between occipital lobe and cerebellum
what lies between the 2 sheets that form dura matter?
dural venous sinuses
dural venous sinuses - important features?
superior sagittal sinus - runs along top of falx cerebri
confluence of sinuses
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
drains into internal jugular vein
what is the name of the cleft separating the two cerebral hemispheres?
great longitudinal fissure
what time of nerve fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus callosum? why is this?
commissural - these fibres are responsible for connecting one cerebral hemisphere to the other
what are the three named parts of the brain that make up the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
where is the pineal gland found?
epithalamus
the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland (epithalamus) are part of which larger brain structure?
diencephalon
main role of thalamus?
relay station for sensory (and some motor) information heading towards cerebral hemispheres.
cellular basis for colour difference between white and grey matter?
white matter comprised of myelinated axon tracts
grey matter comprised of cell bodies and synapses
names and locations of main ‘grooves’ in the brain?
central sulcus
lateral fissure
parieto-occipital sulcus
great longitudinal fissure
calcarine sulcus
where is the central sulcus
between the frontal and parietal lobes
where is the lateral fissure
between the temporal and parietal/frontal lobes
where is the calcarine sulcus
in the occipital lobe
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
where is the corpus callosum found on a transverse section of brain
anterior, medial connection
where is the caudate nucleus found on a transverse section of brain
posterior to the corpus callosum, anterior and medial to the anterior limb
where is the external capsule on a transverse section of brain
lateral to the internal capsule and the lentiform nucleus
what is the lentiform nucleus comprised of?
putamen (lateral)
globus pallidus (medial)
what are the putamen and the globus pallidus part of
lentiform nucleus
where is the globus pallidus and putamen found on a transverse section of brain
lateral to internal capsule, medial to external capsule.
globus pallidus - medial
putamen - lateral
where is the thalamus found on a transverse section of brain
medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule
what structure is found inbetween the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule
genu
how to tell the difference between CT and MRI scans of the brain?
CT - bone shows up very brightly, can’t distinguish grey and white matter.
MRI - dark bone, bright scalp
MRI T1 - dark ventricles, grey darker than white matter
MRI T2 - bright ventricles, white darker than grey matter
lateral ventricle features?
anterior horn
body
posterior horn
inferior horn
what does CSF pass through between the lateral and 3rd ventricles
interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro)
what does CSF pass through between the 3rd and 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
what structures generate CSF and where are they found
choroid plexus
specialised areas of ependymal cells lining ventricles
how does CSF get into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?
through lateral and median apertures
where is CSF resorbed back into the general circulation?
arachnoid granulations located around the superior sagittal sinus
dorsal vs ventral horns?
dorsal - pointy, posterior
ventral - more rounded, anterior
name for the end of the spinal cord? what level is this found?
conus medullaris
L1
why does the size of the ventral grey horn vary along the spinal cord?
swellings indicate increased number of cell bodies of motor neurons required to supply the nerves going to the upper and lower limbs
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? how many in each region?
31 total
cervical = 8
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5
sacral = 5
coccygeal = 1
which arteries supply the circle of willis
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
what branches off the internal carotid artery before it enters the circle of willis?
ophthalmic artery
branches off the internal carotid artery in the circle of willis?
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
which short artery passes between the anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery
branches of the vertebral arteries before they form the basilar artery?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
anterior spinal artery
what does the basilar artery branch into?
posterior cerebral arteries
branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
labyrinthine artery
superior cerebellar artery
posterior cerebral artery
