The Gastrointestinal Tract and Nutrient Utilization

Question 1

What is: Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 1

Tract pertaining to the stomach and the intestine

Question 2

Why us understanding the GIT and its functions important?

Answer 2

To understand feeding management which can affect nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, animal well-being and subsequent profitability

Question 3

What does the GIT allow animals to do?

Answer 3

Convert complex nutrients into forms that they can use and absorb

Question 4

What is: Digestion

Answer 4

The process of converting the complex nutrients in a feed into a form that can be absorbed by the animal

Question 5

What is: Mastication

Answer 5

Chewing and the muscular contractions of the GIT to modify the physical form of the food

Question 6

What digestive secretions are important to the digestive system?

Answer 6

Hydrochloric acid (stomach)
Bile (liver)
Enzymes
Microbial organisms (rumen/large intestine for some animals)

Question 7

What is: Absorption

Answer 7

Process of digested nutrients crossing the cellular lining/membranes of the GIT

Question 8

What is: Passive absorption

Answer 8

Going from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 9

What is: Active absorption

Answer 9

pumping into the cell, often against a concentration gradient

Question 10

What groups are animals classified into based on their diet which can indicate their type of GIT

Answer 10

Herbivores (consume plant materials)
Carnivores (eat other animals)
Omnivores (eat plants and other animals)

Question 11

How are animals classified based on their digestive physiology?

Answer 11

Mono gastric and Ruminant

Question 12

Ruminants are considered to be ____

Answer 12

Herbivores

Question 13

What is the initial component of the digestive tract?

Answer 13

The mouth

Question 14

What structures are associated with the mouth?

Answer 14

Beak, teeth, lips, tongue

Question 15

What is the primary function of the mouth

Answer 15

Prehension and preparation of food to enter the GIT

Question 16

While chewing, ____ is added to create a bolus

Answer 16

Saliva

Question 17

Saliva keeps the mouth ___, helps the ___ mechanism, provides ___ and acts as a ___.

Answer 17

Moist, taste, digestive enzymes, buffer

Question 18

What is: the esophogus

Answer 18

a tube that allows the bolus of food to be “transported” to the stomach (in monogastrics) or the reticulorumen (in ruminants)

Question 19

What is: the stomach

Answer 19

the glandular stomach is lined with specialized secretary tissues that secrete a variety of substances involved if the digestive process

Question 20

What is the first region of the stomach?

Answer 20

The nonglandular region, no digestive secretions are produced or absorption occurs

Question 21

What is the second region of the stomach?

Answer 21

The cardiac region, lined with epithelial cells that primarily secrete mucin

Question 22

What is the third region of the stomach?

Answer 22

The fundic region, has three types of cells: parietal, neck chief, and body chief

Question 23

What do parietal cells do?

Answer 23

Secrete hydrochloric acid

Question 24

What do neck chief cells do?

Answer 24

Secrete mucin

Question 25

What do body chief cells do?

Answer 25

Secrete pepsinogen, rennin, and lipase

Question 26

What does mucin do?

Answer 26

Coat the lining of the stomach and prevents the tissues from being digested by the digestive secretions produced by other tissues found in the stomach

Question 27

What is the fourth region of the stomach?

Answer 27

The pyloric region, has only neck chief and body chief cells

Question 28

What is: Chyme

Answer 28

A semiliquid material produced by the action of gastric juice on ingested food

Question 29

The small intestine is the primary site for ___ in the GIT

Answer 29

Enzymatic digestion

Question 30

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Answer 30

Duodenum, Ileum, Jejunum

Question 31

What neutralizes the pH of acidic chyme?

Answer 31

Bile salts in the duodenum

Question 32

Bile is stored in the ___ in most species

Answer 32

Gallbladder (horses have no gallbladder)

Question 33

Bile is also active in the ___ of fats

Answer 33

Emulsification

Question 34

What is: Villi

Answer 34

fingerlike projections that increase surface area in the intestine and absorption efficiency

Question 35

The large intestine is made up of:

Answer 35

The cecum, colon, and rectum

Question 36

In the large intestine, the primary mode of digestion is ___

Answer 36

Microbial digestion

Question 37

What is: Coprophagy

Answer 37

The practice of an animal consuming their feces

Question 38

What does coprophagy allow?

Answer 38

It allows the essential nutrients resulting from microbial fermentation to be passed through the GIT and subjected to the digestive and absorption process again

Question 39

How many stomach compartments does a ruminant have?

Answer 39

Four

Question 40

What are the four compartments of the ruminant?

Answer 40

Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, and Abomasum

Question 41

How many stomach compartments does a psuedoruminant have?

Answer 41

Three

Question 42

What compartments of a ruminant stomach are lined with cells that are not normally considered to be absorptive?

Answer 42

The first three compartments