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Modern World History Honors 2011-2012 > The French Revolution & Enlightenment > Flashcards

The French Revolution & Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

What books did Jean Jacques Rousseau write?

A
  • A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750
  • Emile, 1762
  • The Social Contract, 1762
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2
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe in?

A

He believed that people are born good and innocent, but when they interact with society, they become corrupted.

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3
Q

John Locke

What did John Locke believe were the three Natural Rights?

A

Life, Liberty, and Property

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4
Q

Define the Age of Enlightenment

A

Period in the 1700’s when philosophers believed that they could apply the scientific method and use reason to explain human nature logically.

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5
Q

John Locke

What did John Locke define what a human being must become?

A

a Rational Creature

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6
Q

John Locke

Define Free Will for human beings

A
  • They should be prepared for freedom
  • Obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear
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7
Q

John Locke

What did John Locke think about kings or the wealthy?

A

Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained.

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8
Q

Thomas Paine

What books did Thomas Paine write?

A
  • Common Sense, 1776
  • The Rights of Man, 1791
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9
Q

Montesquieu

What books did Montesquieu write?

A

The Spirit of Laws, 1758

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10
Q

Montesquieu

What three branches of goverment did Montesquieu want equal powers throughout?

A
  • Monarchy
  • Republic
  • Despotism
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11
Q

Montesquieu

What did the seperation of political powers ensure?

A

Freedom and Liberty

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12
Q

Denis Diderot

What books did Denis Diderot write?

A

The Encyclopèdie, 1751- was 28 volumes and 1500 lires a set - complete cycle of knowledge (changed way of thinking)

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13
Q

Denis Diderot

What did Denis Diderot believe in?

A
  • All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception, and without regard for anyone’s feelings
  • We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed; and while we wait, we will abide by them
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14
Q

Voltaire

What books did Voltaire write?

A

Candide, 1759

Letters Concerning the English Nation

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15
Q

Voltaire

What did Voltaire fight against?

A

Intolerance and Injustice

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16
Q

Hobbes

What book did Hobbes write?

A

Levithon, 1651

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17
Q

Hobbes

What did Hobbes believe in?

A

He thought that people lived in anarchy where they chose the king; 1st state of nature

18
Q

Jacobins

What were the Jacobins?

A
  • the midrange of liberal views (Robespierre was their leader)
  • [Group in the Political Spectrum]Consisted of the Mountains (Radicals) and the Plains (Centralists)
19
Q

Marie Antoinette

Who was was Marie Antoinette’s husband?

A

King Louis XVI (married for the alliance of Austria and France)

20
Q

Marie Antoinette

Who was Marie Antoinette’s mother?

A

Austrian Empress, Maria Theresa

21
Q

Marie Antoinette

What was the cause of her hatred towards the French people?

A

Her influence in politics caused her hate towards the French people.

22
Q

Reign of Terror

What was the Reign of Terror?

A

It was revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone- executed 2,639 victims in 15 months

-total # of victims nation wide was > 40,000

‘Let Terror be the order of the day!’

23
Q

The Directory

What was the Directory?

A
  • It lasted from 1795-1799. The Wealthy controlled the government; the poor (san-culottes) suffered as a result.
  • It was forced to disband by Napoleon after going bankrupt.
24
Q

Committe for Public Safety

Which group was the Committe for Public Safety made by?

A

It was made by the Convention

  • Stabalize France:
  • Skyrocketting food prices
  • Mounting dent from war
25
Q

Guillotine

What was the Guillotine?

A

It was a machine used to execute people (by slicing their head off of ther body).

26
Q

Tennis Court Oath

Why was the Tennis Court Oath created?

A
  • The Third Estate refused to vote seperately, so the King had them locked out of their meeting place.
  • They met in a nearby Tennis Court and refused to stop metting until they had written a constitution for France.
    • The King gave in and allowed the 3 estates to meet together.
27
Q

The Estate System

What did the Estate System do to France?

A

It seperated France into 3 classes:

1st: Nobility
2nd: Clergy
3rd: Peasant

28
Q

Storming of the Bastille

Explain the Storming of the Bastille

A
  • Crowds didn’t want the high prices of bread to continue
  • The King fired his ministers
  • The people of Paris were searching for weapons to defend the National assembly against the royal troops
29
Q

Estates General

Why was the Estates General called?

A

He was called in order to fix France’s financial crisis. It consisted of the 3 estates (First Estate, Second Estate, and Third Estate).

However, the Third Estate was angered that they were left out of the meeting.

  • Eventually, the king let them meet
30
Q

The Great Fear

What did the Peasants fear from the rumors they heard?

A

Peasants believed rumors that the nobles planned to send bandits into the country-side to crush them and the French Revolution. They also feared that the nobles would hoard grain and starve them into submission.

31
Q

The Great Fear

How did the peasants react because of the rumors?

A

As a result, peasants attacked manor houses and monasteries. They burned the hated documents that recorded rents, feudal dues, etc.

32
Q

King Louis XVI

When was King Louis XVI executed?

A

He was executed in 1793

33
Q

King Louis XVI

How did King Louis XVI try to cope with France’s Financial Crisis?

A

He called the Estates General (1789)

34
Q

King Louis XVI

What did King Louis XVI do after the Old Regime was gone?

A

He attempted to flee after the Old Regime was gone, but was forced to return to Pars

35
Q

National Assembly

The National Assembly felt they could deal with revolutionary violence by doing what?

A

They felt that thy could deal with revolutionary violence only by removing opression and injustice that produced it.

36
Q

National Assembly

How did the National Assembly reform France?

A

They reformed France’s administrative structure, abolished the old provinces and divided France into 83 equal districts called departments.

37
Q

National Assembly

When did the National Assembly write a constitution for France?

A

They wrote a constitution for France in 1791

38
Q

Maximilion Robespierre

Who was Robespierre?

A

He was a powerful Jacobin who controlled the National Convention. The ‘Reign of Terror’ was a result.

Revolutionary Tribunal arrested, tried and executed many oeioke under suspicion of going against it.

Robespierre carried out a policy of extreme suppression, convinced that only he could protect the Revolution from its enemies.

39
Q

What did Rousseu believe in?

A

Liberty, Equality, and fraternity

40
Q

What were the characteristics of the Enlightenment?

A

Rationalism, Cosmology, Secularism, Scientific Method, Utilitarianism, Tolerance, Optimism and Self-Confidence, Freedom, Education of the masses, Legal Reform, Constitutionalism, and Cosmopolitanism

Modern World History Honors 2011-2012 (10 decks)

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