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ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology > The Follicular Phase > Flashcards

The Follicular Phase Flashcards

1
Q

What starts the follicular phase?

A

Luteolysis is the initiator of the follicular phase.

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2
Q

What are the 4 significant events of the follicular phase?

A
  1. Gonadotropin release
  2. Follicular growth
  3. Sexual receptivity
  4. Ovulation
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3
Q

What controls gonadotropin release?

A
  1. Ovarian estrogen
  2. Hypothalamic GnRH
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4
Q

For the purpose of the follicular phase what is the main purpose of the tonic center?

A

Basal secretions of GnRH

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5
Q

When do GnRH secretions cease?

A

They stop when the threshold level of estradiol is present in the absence of progesterone

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6
Q

What occurs when the threshold is reached with enough basal GnRH secretions?

A

Once reached surge center initiates LH secretion for ovulation

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7
Q

Throughout the Follicular phase what occurs with Progesterone, Estradiol, LH, and FSH?

A
  1. Progesterone goes down during the follicular phase
  2. Estradiol goes high into the estrus phase
  3. LH reaches its peak at estrus and goes down after ovulation
  4. FSH raises but not as high as Estradiol and LH.
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8
Q

When it comes to ovarian follicle experiences for the 4 processes, where does the sample used for these processes come from?

A

They come from the Ovarian Follicular pool

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9
Q

When the ovarian follicular pool goes through recruitment, selection, and dominance what occurs?

A

Less and less follicles make it to reach each one of these processes.

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10
Q

When does Atresia occur within the 4 processes?

A

Atresia occurs within the entire process of these phases.

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11
Q

Amongst the processes of recruitment, selection and dominance what tends to be a pattern ?

A

Besides dying off in each process the amount of estradiol used increases for each process.

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12
Q

What occurs throughout folliculogenesis?

A

Atresia is what occurs continuously throughout folliculogenesis.

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13
Q

What are characteristics of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. It has a wave-like pattern
  2. It has Estrous & menstrual cycles
  3. When it contains high progesterone it is a non-ovulatory follicle turnover
  4. When it comes to Luteolysis (low progesterone) : ovulation
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14
Q

When do Follicle waves occur?

A

1.They occur during the prepubertal period
2.Pregnancy
3. Anestrus

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15
Q

Are follicles still used during times where there is no ovulation?

A

Yes, follicles are still used despite there being no ovulation

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16
Q

For follicles not used for ovulation what happens to them?

A
  1. The follicles will not become dominant
  2. Ovulation will not occur due to not obtaining the minimum threshold level of E2 or presence of P4
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17
Q

What is recruitment? What is it dependent on? What are the hormone levels like? How many go under atresia?

A
  1. It is when the small antral follicles enters the gonadotropin sensitive pool
  2. It is dependent on FSH
  3. High FSH, low LH, low inhibin, low estrogen
  4. Some follicles undergo atresia
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18
Q

What is selection? what is it dependent on? What are the hormone levels? What occurs in the sense of dominance or atresia?

A
  1. It is growing follicles
  2. Dependent on FSH
  3. Has a medium FSH, medium inhibin, increases LH and increased Estrogen
  4. Selected follicles become either dominant or they undergo atresia?
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19
Q

What is Polytoccous and Monotoccous? Which of the 4 stages is this under?

A
  1. Several follicles are selected in Polytoccous and typically a single follicle is selected to develop under Monotoccous
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20
Q

What is Dominance? What is it dependent upon? What are the hormone levels?

A
  1. It is large preovulatory follicles continuing to develop and they exert a negative effect on antral and recruited follicles
  2. Dependent on LH
  3. Low FSH, high LH, high inhibin, high estrogen
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21
Q

In the sense of Polytoccous what what happens?

A

Many large follicles will grow and produce inhibin.

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22
Q

Where does inhibin come into this process and what does it do?

A
  1. Comes from large antral follicles, selectively inhibits FSH
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23
Q

What is the result of estrogen during the dominance stage?

A

Estrogen will decrease blood flow to non-selected follicles

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24
Q

What is Atresia?

A

It is the degeneration of follicles

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25
Q

How many follicles normally reach the dominant follicle stage?

A

Few reach the dominant stage

26
Q

What % of follicles undergo atresia?

A

More than 90 percent go through atresia

27
Q

Where the majority of the follicle’s life time normally spent?

A

Spent in the pre-antral phase

28
Q

What does role does cholesterol play in terms of granulosa cells and estradiol?

A

It is the Pre-cursor in both of those

29
Q

An increase of LH means in folliculogenesis? In FSH the decrease represents?

A
  1. Increased GnRH pulse frequency
  2. Estradiol + Inhibin
30
Q

In the 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin model what does LH bind to? what does it initiate?

A
  1. LH binds to receptors on theca interna cells
  2. It initiates the conversion of cholesterol -> testosterone which diffuses out to granulosa cells
31
Q

In the 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin model what does FSH bind to? What does it do?

A
  1. FSH binds to granulosa cells at the same time
  2. Testosterone is converted to estradiol via an enzyme called aromatase
32
Q

The events of the 2-cells and 2 gonadotropin model continues until a threshold level of ______ induces _______?

A

1.E2
2. Ovulatory LH surge

33
Q

Estradiol enters the _______ and exerts many affects on________ function

A
  1. Blood stream
  2. Reproductive
34
Q

What are the effects of estradiol in the reproductive tract?

A
  1. Increased blood flow (hyperemia)
    2.Increased uterine gland growth -> secretory activity
  2. Leukocytes to submucosal region -> leukocytosis (due to sperm being foreign to white cells and can be attacked)
  3. Genital swelling (edema in vulva) increased mucal secretions
  4. Elevated myometrial tone: increased sperm transport
  5. Increased cervical and vaginal secretions
35
Q

When it comes to the increase of cervical and vaginal secretions what would this mean?

A
  1. Lubrication, flushing foreign material post copulation
  2. Serves as a pathway for sperm: cervix -> uterus
36
Q

What effect does Estrogen exert on the brain?

A
  1. Induced lordosis (mating behavior)
  2. Increased phonation
  3. Increased physical activity
37
Q

What are major steps that initiate ovulation?

A
  1. Preovulatory LH surge initiates a series of biochemical events
  2. Hyperemia
  3. Follicles secrete angiogenic factors
38
Q

What is Hyperemia? and What does the term follicles secrete angiogenic factors mean?

A
  1. Blood flow increase and is controlled by PGE2 and histamines
  2. It means new blood vessels
39
Q

What is net result of ovulation?

A

Follicle receives hormonal and metabolic requirements for ovulation.

40
Q

What occurs after the LH surge?

A
  1. Elevated blood flow
  2. Breaking down of connective tissue (theca cells begin to secrete P4 instead of testosterone) and then collagenase (enzyme that breaks down collagen fibers)
  3. The stigma (apex of the follicle) begins to push forward and then follicle walls weakens
41
Q

What is spontaneous ovulation? What promoted blood vessel formation? How is the process?

A
  1. Ovulation at regular frequency via LH surge without copulation
  2. Angiogenic factors
  3. Vascular permeability of theca -> increases follicle pressure -> facilities ovulation
42
Q

What does Theca release?

A

Releases collagenase when stimulated by progesterone

43
Q

What does PGF2alpha do in spontaneous ovulation?

A
  1. Increase myoid cell contractions
  2. Induce release of lysosomes in granulosa to rupture and release enzymes
  3. Assist in reorganization of follicle into CL
44
Q

What are some examples of induced ovulators?

A
  1. Rabbits
  2. Felids
  3. Ferrets
  4. Mink
45
Q

What is induced ovulation? What is the process? How long are the copulation times?

A
  1. Ovulation that requires stimulation of vagina and/or cervix (copulation)
  2. Classical neural stimulation -> increased GnRH -> LH surge
  3. Long/ multiple copulation times
46
Q

What are some examples of modified induced ovulators?

A

Camelids:
1. Camels
2. Alpacas
3. Llamas

47
Q

How are ovulation induced factors related to modified induced ovulators?

A

The factors are in the seminal plasma (GnRH like)

48
Q

Why would one want to artificially manipulate ovulation and folliculogenesis?

A

To synchronize the animals to know when they will ovulate and etc

49
Q

What does induced ovulation require?

A

1.Requires premature luteolysis with prostaglandin to -> estrus -> ovulation
2.induced ovulation with exogenous GnRH or hCG

50
Q

What does hCG stand for?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

51
Q

What is Hyperstimulation?

A

The recruitment of many follicles by administering FSH or eCG

52
Q

How can ovulation occur what are some forms?

A

Either spontaneously or by administering GnRH, hCG, LH

53
Q

What are four distinct phases of oocyte maturation?

A
  1. Mitotic divisions of primordial germ ells in the embryo (prenatal)
  2. Nuclear arrest (dictyotene of meiosis)
  3. Cytoplasmic growth
  4. Resumption of meiosis
54
Q

What is Nuclear arrest?

A

Oocyte remains dormant from fetal life through puberty until oocytes experience GnRH

55
Q

When does Oocyte maturation begin?

A

It begins during fetal development in utero and continues throughout a female’s reproductive lifetime.

56
Q

How does the first process oocyte maturation happen?

A

Primordial germ cells develop in embryo -> divides mitotically into oogonia -> oogonia divides into primary oocytes and begins meiosis -> Ending of 1st meiotic prophase causes primary oocytes to arrest in dictyate phase in 4n

57
Q

How is Meiotic arrest removed?

A

Removed by LH

58
Q

What could potentially cause a miscarriage?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

59
Q

What happens after arrest is removed by an LH surge?

A

An oocyte enters meiosis 2 during ovulation and is arrested in metaphase 2 of meiosis 2 until fertilization

60
Q

When is Meiosis 2 completed?

A

After fertilization

ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (13 decks)

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