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ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology > Female & Male Anatomy > Flashcards

Female & Male Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the external genitalia?

A
  1. It is a protective barrier from the external environment.
  2. It indicates sexual receptivity
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2
Q

On Diagrams what do A, CB, DC, VC, RL, LL Stand for?

A
  1. Anus
  2. Cutaneous Bridge
  3. Dorsal Commissure
  4. Ventral Commissure
  5. Right Labia
  6. Left Labia
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3
Q

What could potential be torn during child birth?

A

The Cutaneous Bridge could be torn

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4
Q

Which animal are usually the ones who do not have a limited sexual receptivity? (the moment to breed or era, season)

A

Humans and Dolphins normally do not have sexual receptivity

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5
Q

What does the Vulva consist of?

A
  1. Consists of labia: major and minor
  2. Contains the clitoris
  3. Contains the skin
  4. Contains the Constrictor vulva muscles
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6
Q

What does the Ventral commissure have?

A

It has the site of labia union

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7
Q

What is the clitoris? what does it do?

A
  1. High innervated erectile tissue

2. It assists in sperm transport when stimulated

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8
Q

What does the skin of the vulva consist of?

A
  1. Sebaceous and sweat glands
  2. Hair follicles
  3. Adipose tissue
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the constrictor vulva muscles?

A

It is to keep the labia closed

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10
Q

In the Dorsal view of the reproductive tract what do these letter or acronyms mean on the diagram? BL,C,CV,CX,EUB,FV ,IUB ,L, O, OD, UB, UH, Ve, Vu

A
  1. Broad Ligament
  2. Caruncles
  3. Cranial Vagina
  4. Cervix
  5. External Uterine Bifurcation
  6. Fornix Vagina
  7. Internal Uterine Bifurcation
  8. Labia
  9. Ovary
  10. Oviduct
  11. Urinary Bladder
  12. Urinary Horn
  13. Vestibule
  14. Vulva
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11
Q

Why are do pigs have big uterine horns?

A

It is because the pig has many babies compared to the cow.

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12
Q

What does the prefix endo mean?

A

inner

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13
Q

What does the prefix Epi mean?

A

Outside

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14
Q

Do the Transverse folds in the cervix in the mare (many folds) make it easier or more difficult to artificially inseminate?

A

The folds make it easier.

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15
Q

What do the letters CF, UT, UO, UtB, TF mean?

A
  1. Clitoral Fossa
  2. Urethral Tubercle
  3. Urethral Opening
  4. Uterine Body
  5. Transverse folds
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16
Q

What types of Uterus are there?

A
  1. Duplex
  2. Bicornuate
  3. Simplex
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17
Q

How is the Duplex? and which animal contain this type of uterus?

A
  1. It can be described as two cervical canals, one for each horn
  2. Marsupials, Rabbits
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18
Q

How are the Bicornuate Uterus? Are there 2 types of developed horns? Which animal Contain it?

A
  1. Two uterine horns, small uterine body
  2. There are two types under this category and it is poorly developed horns and the high developed horns.
  3. The cow and mare have poorly developed horns and the bitch, queen, sow, ewe have high developed horns.
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19
Q

How is the simplex uterus? Which animals have these?

A
  1. it is a single uterine body

2. Humans and primates

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20
Q

In the Duplex uterus what is one thing that it has internally that is different than the rest?

A

It contains a vaginal bifurcation and it contains two cervices.

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21
Q

What is the Broad ligament?

A

It is a suspensory tissue surrounding the reproductive tract

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22
Q

What is the Peritoneum in accordance to the broad ligament ?

A

It is the Abdominal connective tissue

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23
Q

What is the Broad ligaments primary function?

A
  1. Support of tract
  2. Prevents adhesions
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24
Q

What are the secondary functions of the broad ligament?

A
  1. Vascular supply to the reproductive tract
  2. Provides lymphatic drainage
  3. Supplies innervation
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25
Q

On the diagram of broad ligaments in relation to the uterine structures what does these symbols mean? BL, R, UH, Rgp, O, OD

A
  1. Broad Ligament
  2. Rectum
  3. Uterine Horn
  4. Rectogenital Pouch
  5. Ovary
  6. Oviduct
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26
Q

What are the 3 structures in the Broad ligament?

A
  1. Mesovarium
  2. Mesosalpinx
  3. Mesometrium
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27
Q

What is the Mesovarium what does it do? What is its function?

A
  1. It forms the hilus (connects ovary and oviduct)

2. It supports and connect ovary to broad ligament, vascular supply, lymphatics, nerves.

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28
Q

What is the Mesosalpinx what does it do? what does the bitch have?

A
  1. Surrounds and supports oviduct

2. It has an enclosed ovary (bursa)

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29
Q

What is the Mesometrium what does it do?

A
  1. It supports uterus
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30
Q

What are some major structures of the female reproductive tract?

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Vagina
  3. Cervix
  4. External genitalia
  5. Oviduct
  6. Ovary
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31
Q

Which tubular components have “inner” tubular components with four distinct layers?

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Oviduct
  3. Cervix
  4. Vagina
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32
Q

What are the four distinct layers?

A
  1. The Serosa
  2. The Muscularis
  3. The Submucosa
  4. The Mucosa
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33
Q

What is the Serosa and what is its purpose?

A
  1. It is the outer connective tissue

2. Supports, prevents adhesions

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34
Q

What is the Muscularis and what is its function?

A
  1. It is the outer longitudinal layer+ inner circular layer

2. Smooth muscle layers. It helps in segmental contractions, and peristaltic movement in the GI tract.

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35
Q

What is the Submucosa and what is its function?

A
  1. It supports mucosa, varied thickness

2. Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

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36
Q

What is the Mucosa and what is its function?

A
  1. Secretory epithelium lines lumen

2. Cell type present dependent on function

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37
Q

What are the 3 uterine layers?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
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38
Q

What does the Endometrium consist of?

A

Consists of the Mucosa + Submucosa

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39
Q

What does the Myometrium consist of?

A

Longitudinal + circular layers smooth muscle

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40
Q

What does the Perimetrium consist of?

A

Continuous serosa layer from mesosalpinx

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41
Q

For the Myometrium what does it increase?

A
  1. Increase in estrogen
  2. Sperm transport
  3. Increase progesterone
  4. Parturition
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42
Q

What does the Uterus Aide in ?

A
  1. Sperm transport
  2. Provides environment for embryo development before it attaches
  3. Controls cyclicity
  4. Contributes to the placenta by providing caruncles or folds that are vascularized and provide a surface for the developing placenta if an animal is pregnant.
  5. Pregnancy
  6. Parturition
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43
Q

What occurs during sperm transport?

A
  1. There is an increase in estrogen and muscle contractions during estrus
  2. Because of this increase in estrogen secretions go and aid in sperm maturation.
44
Q

What occurs when the environment for embryo development before it attaches happens?

A

It will secrete progesterone due to increased endometrial secretions

45
Q

During the control of cyclicity what occurs?

A

It secretes prostaglandin F2alpha and causes the corpus luteum to regress.

46
Q

What occurs during pregnancy?

A

Houses fetus and provides endocrine function

47
Q

What occurs during parturition?

A

Expulsion of fetus/placental membranes via myometrial muscle contractions

48
Q

What do ruminant uteri contain and where can it be found ?

A

They contain caruncles and they can be found on the surface of the endometrium.

49
Q

How are caruncles and where will they attach to?

A

They are high vascularized and will attach to the placenta

50
Q

What must the placenta do in order to it to receive blood supply?

A

It must attach to the uterus.

51
Q

What is different about the sow and the mare from the other animals? What function do these physiological differences have?

A

`1. They do not have caruncles but instead have endometrial folds
2. They are maternal contributions to the developing placenta

52
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A
  1. A uterine barrier from the external environment

2. Physically regulates sperm transport in some species

53
Q

For all species what is true about the cervix?

A

It is a cervical canal surrounded by single or multiple layers of rings/folds

54
Q

What could estrogen potentially affect in the cervix?

A

It could potentially increase clear/watery mucous or mucus production.

54
Q

What could estrogen potentially affect in the cervix?

A

It could potentially increase clear/watery mucous or mucus production.

55
Q

What type of cervix does the cow/ewe have?

A

It has interlocking finger-like projections (crypts and folds)

56
Q

What type of cervix does the sow have?

A

It has interdigitating pads (increases pressure and facilitates ejaculation) facilitate spiral end of boar’s penis

57
Q

Which animal has no rings or folds?

A

The Dog and the Cat

58
Q

What type of cervix does the mare have? What occurs during estrus and where do males ejaculate.

A

It has transverse folds and it softens at estrus and stallions ejaculate into the cervix

59
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A
  1. Mucous secretion during estrus increases (in cow, ewe, sow, mare)
  2. Cervical Seal of pregnancy
60
Q

For artificial insemination, in which animals does it occur for in the cervix?

A

It occurs for the pig, dog, and sheep

61
Q

When mucous secretions during estrus increase what occurs?

A
  1. Lubricates Vagina
  2. Minimize micro-organisms into uterus
  3. Sperm transport and survival
62
Q

What helps with the cervical seal of pregnancy?

A
  1. An increase of progesterone viscous mucous secretions help. It prevent bacteria from entering uterus
63
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  1. It is a copulatory organ

2. serves as a birth canal during parturition

64
Q

What is the cranial vagina and what does it do?

A
  1. It is the outer layer

2. It is columnar epithelium and highly secretory during estrus (depending on stage)

65
Q

What does the caudal vagina?

A
  1. It is stratified squamous epithelium

2. its cycle stage determines secretion and thickness.

66
Q

Where is the cranial vagina located?

A

Closest to the cervix

67
Q

Which animals have a fornix vagina?

A

The cow, mare, and bitch

68
Q

What does the Vestibule contain?

A

It contains both urinary and genital systems

69
Q

What are the functions of the vestibule?

A
  1. It is the common duct for urine and reproduction
  2. Stimulates penis for copulation (temperature and pressure)
  3. Contracts to block urine from uterus (Vulvo-vaginal sphincter muscle)
  4. In mares transurethral fold (tears with speculum in maidens)
70
Q

What are some functions of the Vestibular glands (or the Bartholin’s glands)?

A
  1. They secrete mucous during estrus

2. Pheromones : air borne chemical messenger, male attractant.

71
Q

What is the oviduct? What is it referred to in terms of humans? What is another name for the oviduct?

A
  1. The site of fertilization
  2. In humans it is referred to as the fallopian tube
  3. It is called the salpinx too
72
Q

What are the functions of the oviduct? and how do they do their functions?

A
  1. Gamete transport- Muscle contractions (sperm) and ciliated epithelial cells (oocytes)
  2. Sperm capacitation- Ampulla secretions prepare sperm for fertilization
  3. Early embryo development- secretions increase by estrogen
  4. Embryo transport- muscle contractions
73
Q

What is a specific name for the site of fertilization?

A

AIJ or Ampullary Isthimc Junction

74
Q

What must sperm undergo in order to be able to fertilize an egg in the oviduct?

A

Sperm must undergo a process called capacitation in order to fertilize an egg in the oviduct

75
Q

What anatomy does the oviduct contain? What do these anatomical structures do?

A

The oviduct contains the

  1. Infundibulum- captures the oocyte
  2. Fimbriae (cilia) inner surface- increases surface area and assists in oocyte capture
  3. Ampulla( first 1/2 of oviduct, large diameter) - increases mucosal folds, ciliated epithelium and moves oocyte to isthmus
  4. Isthmus (last 1/2 oviduct, small diameter)- Thick muscular wall, few mucosal folds, ciliated cells, the contractions move sperm to AIJ and sperm is stored here prior to fertilization (waits for ovulation)
  5. Ampullary-isthmus junction (AIJ) - site of fertilization
76
Q

What do these symbols mean in the anatomy oviduct and mesosalpinx graph?

A
  1. OB = Ovarian Bursa
  2. UH= Uterine Horn
  3. If= Infundibulum
  4. Ms= Mesosalpinx
  5. Ms(OB)= Mesosalpinx-Ovarian Bursa
  6. C(OB)= Cavity- Ovarian Bursa
77
Q

What does the Uterotubal junction (UTJ) do?

A
  1. Regulates sperm into oviduct (prevents polyspermy (excess amount of sperm) in pig)
  2. Regulates embryo into uterus
  3. Increases estrogen kinks UTJ ; decreases progesterone removes UTJ kink
78
Q

What is the primary function of the ovary? How does it perform its function?

A
  1. Primary function is to produce gametes
  2. To do so the ovary must produce, secrete, and respond to hormones.
79
Q

What are two ways to describe the ovary?

A
  1. Can be described as Gametogenic which means development, maturation and ovulation of oocytes (eggs)
  2. Can also be described as Endocrine meaning estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin
80
Q

How many genes expressions are in a sperm and a haploid cell?

A

There is 23 in each so in total make up 46

81
Q

What are the main anatomical structures of the ovary? How are they described or what do they do?

A
  1. Tunica albuginea (dense connective tissue, provides structure)
  2. Germinal epithelium (surface continuous w/ peritoneum) they are single player cuboidal cells, prevent adhesions, broken at ovulation and are not origin of germ cells
  3. Cortex (this is where oocytes are housed except in mares)
  4. Medulla (blood, lymphatic and nerves)
82
Q

In mares how is the medulla?

A

In horses the cortex is inside and medulla is outside.

83
Q

What is the name of the liquid filled sacs that contain a single egg oocyte and during menstruations/estrous cycle what occurs?

A

They are called follicles and during the these cycles they grow and shrink and when the follicles are mature they rupture and release an egg (this process is called ovulation).

84
Q

What is the maturation of the ovarian follicle?

A

Folliculogenesis

85
Q

For the follicle process how does it start off and until when is the oocyte present? What is the name of these phases

A

It starts off from Oogonia->Primordial->Primary->Secondary->Tertiary->Preovulatory. The oocyte is present through the first 4 stages called the Preantral phase and the last 2 phases are called Antral phase.

86
Q

What are the Follicle types ?

A
  1. Primordial
  2. Primary
  3. Secondary
  4. Antral/Tertiary Graffian
87
Q

What do primordial cells contain and what is special about them?

A

1.Primordial cells contain immature, arrested oocytes and are characterized by a single layer of flattened (squamous cells)
2. What is special about them is that they are born with a finite number of primordial follicle cells at birth and they are also stopped in production after birth.

88
Q

What do primary follicles contain ?

A

They contain cuboidal cells.

89
Q

What do secondary follicles contain? What is concurrent with it?

A

1.The secondary follicle contains two layers of cells (no atrum)
2.It is concurrent with the zona pellucida

90
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

1.An extracellular glycoprotein matrix that protects developing oocytes
2.Is the structure where sperm will bind to during fertilization
3.Seperates oocyte from granulosa cells

91
Q

What do the tertiary/antral follicles contain? What is the name of this substance within that is the fluid?

A

1.They contain a fluid filled cavity called an antrum
2.The fluid inside the antrum is called follicular fluid.

92
Q

What is the Graffian follicle ?

A

It is referred to as the dominant follicle because it has competed against other ovarian follicles for ovulation.

93
Q

How many layers do antral follicles have? What is the name of the types of cells?

A
  1. Three layers with different cell types
  2. Theca externa, Theca interna, and Granulosa cells
94
Q

What role does the Theca and granulosa cell have?

A

They both express receptors for hormones and aid in follicular growth and maturation.

95
Q

When does the Corpus Luteum (CL) form? What is the transition in-between and what does it secrete?

A
  1. Forms when a follicle is ovulated, the CL replaced the follicle.
  2. The transition in-between is the corpus hemorrhagicum
  3. Secretes a hormone called progesterone (is needed to keep pregnancy, low amounts are not enough, excessive-> strange)
96
Q

How often are CL defective?

A

Frequency of CL’s being defective are not necesarilly common.

97
Q

Which hormon tells the CL to regress?

A

Prostaglandin

98
Q

What is an Corpus Albican? When does it form?

A
  1. It is a scar tissue with no function
  2. Forms after CL regresses
99
Q

What is the Theca externa?

A

It is the connective tissue where the blood vessels end

100
Q

What is the Theca interna?

A

They are LH receptors, that produce androgens

101
Q

What are Granulosa cells? What do they produce?

A
  1. They are FSH receptors
  2. Produces estrogen -> follicle development
102
Q

What is the cumulus oocyte complex (COC)? When are they released and what do they assist with?

A
  1. They are granulosa cells around an oocyte
  2. Released at ovulation
  3. Assist in ovum transport in oviduct
103
Q

What is the process of the follicles when trying to make a CL?

A
  1. The rupture of the mature graffian follicle
  2. Corpus hemorrhacium
  3. Corpus luteum
  4. Corpus albicans
104
Q

What a corpus hemorrhacium? What is it?

A

1.It is the “bloody body” It is the ovulation cavity, blood vessels, granulosa & theca cell remodeling

105
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A
  1. It is the “yellow body” these cells are now called luteal cells
  2. Previously of theca interna & granulosa cell origin

ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (13 decks)

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