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ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology > Placentation Gestation Parturition > Flashcards

Placentation Gestation Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gestation?

A

Act of being carried in uterus between conception and birth

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2
Q

What is Oviparous?

A

Egg laying

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3
Q

WHat are Eutherian mammals?

A

Mammals with a placenta

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4
Q

What is implantation?

A

Attachment of placental membranes to the endometrium

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5
Q

What is the definition of placenta?

A

Endorcrine organ of matabolic exchange between conceptus and dam (mom)

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6
Q

What is parturition?

A

Giving birth to young

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7
Q

What are the final prepartum steps of reproduction?

A
  1. Formation of placenta
  2. Placenta acquires endocrine function
  3. Initiation of parturition
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8
Q

What are the types of placentation?

A
  1. Implantation
  2. Attachment
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9
Q

What does implantation mean?

A
  1. Conceptus buries into uterine endometrium
  2. Totally invasive or semi-invasive
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10
Q

What is attachment?

A

Placenta attaches to uterine epithelium

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11
Q

What does the transient organ of pregnancy do?

A

Provides metabolic interface between conceptus & dam

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12
Q

What does the transient endocrine gland do?

A
  1. Maintains pregnancy
  2. promotes fetal & mammary gland growth
  3. Introduction of parturition
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13
Q

The conceptus consists of the embryo and what other extra embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Allantois
  3. Chorion
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14
Q

What are chorionic villus?

A
  1. They are exchange apparatus, small finger-like projections
  2. They protrude away from the chorion toward the uterine endometrium
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15
Q

What are diffuse placentas?

A
  1. They have a uniform villi distribution (in pig and mare)
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16
Q

In mares how do diffuse placentas work?

A
  1. They are further classified as microcytyledons due to microzones of chorionic villi
  2. Have endometrial cups produced by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)
  3. Cups developn between 35-60 days of pregnancy and are then sloughed
  4. Conceptus does not attach until day 24
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17
Q

What is the zonary aspect of the placenta?

A
  1. Band like zone of chorionic villi
  2. Villi forms zone around the middle of conceptus
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18
Q

What is the Discoid aspect of the placenta?

A
  1. Two or more adjacent discs that provide nutrient exchange
  2. Villi form a regionalized disc
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19
Q

How does fetal circulation happen?

A

Vessels from the exchange zone (EZ) merge into umbilical vessels that supply the fetus with blood

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20
Q

What is the cotylendonary aspect of the placenta?

A
  1. Numerous button-like cotyledons (ruminants)
  2. Villi located on button-like structures called cotyledons
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21
Q

What is the cotyledon? How is it formed?

A
  1. It is a placental unit of trophoblast origin that has vessels and tissues
  2. Formed by the help of outter derm cells
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22
Q

What are caruncles?

A

The maternal cotyledon that comes from the uterus

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23
Q

What is the placentome?

A
  1. The point of interface consisting of a fetal cotyledon and maternal cotyledon
  2. Major site of nutrient exchange
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24
Q

What is the fetal cotyledon?

A

Trophoblastic origin, contributed by chorion

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25
Q

What is the maternal cotyledon?

A

Caruncular region of uterus

26
Q

How many cotyledons do sheep and cattle have? When is their initial attachment? when is attachment established?

A
  1. 90-100 cotyledons (sheep)
  2. 70-120 cotyledons (cattle)
  3. Day 16 = initial attachment (sheep)
  4. Day 25 = initial attachment (cattle)
  5. Day 30 (sheep)
  6. Day 40 (cattle)
27
Q

What type of caruncles do sheep have and cattle?

A
  1. Sheep have concave caruncles
  2. Cattle have convex caruncles
27
Q

What type of caruncles do sheep have and cattle?

A
  1. Sheep have concave caruncles
  2. Cattle have convex caruncles
28
Q

How do cotyledons change ? what is is that changes?

A
  1. Changes through increasing conceptus age
  2. Increases diameter, placental surface area and nutrient transfer
29
Q

What does epitheliochorial mean?

A
  1. Means maternal side “epithelio”
  2. Means fetal side “chorial” the least intimate
29
Q

What does epitheliochorial mean?

A
  1. Means maternal side “epithelio”
  2. Means fetal side “chorial” the least intimate
30
Q

How many layers do epitheliochorial have?

A

They have 6 layers of tissue

31
Q

What does syndesmochorial mean?

A

Endometrial epitheliums transiently erodes & regrows

32
Q

What are binucleate giant cells from trophoblasts?

A
  1. They are large cells with 2 nuclei
  2. Transfer complex molecules
  3. produces steroids like P4 and E2
33
Q

What are endothelicohorial placentas?

A
  1. Complete erosion of endometrial epithelium & underlying interstitium
  2. They have 5 layers
33
Q

What are endothelicohorial placentas?

A
  1. Complete erosion of endometrial epithelium & underlying interstitium
  2. They have 5 layers
34
Q

What are hemochorial placentas?

A
  1. Chorionic epithelium in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood
  2. Placenta bathed in blood
  3. Maternal and fetal blood do not make contact
35
Q

Which animals have the epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, endotheliochorial, hemochorial placentas.

A
  1. Sow, mare, can include cow (E)
  2. Ruminants (S)
  3. Dogs and cats (Endo)
  4. Primates and rodents (H)
36
Q

What are some primary functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Transmits & provides nutrients
  2. Exchange of water and gasses
  3. Excretion of fetal waste
  4. Modifies fetal & maternal metabolism, maintenance of pregnancy
37
Q

What are some characteristics of the placental circulation?

A
  1. Fetal & maternal circulations (seperate and parallel ‘do not mix’)
  2. Inteface between circulations allows for exchange (maternal substrates and gasses for fetal growth, fetal waste elimination)
38
Q

How does O2 and CO2 play a role between the placenta of the dam and the fetus?

A
  1. Fetus requires O2 for survival and metabolism
  2. CO2 removed from fetal to maternal circulation
39
Q

How does glucose play a role in the placenta between the damn and the fetus?

A

It is converted to fructose by the placenta

40
Q

How do amino acids play a role in the placenta between the dam and the fetus?

A

It is converted to proteins by the fetus

41
Q

How are lipid transport limited apply to the placenta between the dam and the fetus?

A

They are free fatty acids trasnferred across placenta -> fetal fat

42
Q

How do antibodies play a role in placenta between the dam and the fetus?

A
  1. In ruminants, sow, mare, cats, dogs they do not cross the placenta barrier (newborn gets anitbodies via colostrum)
  2. In humans, rodents they do cross the placental barrier
43
Q

How are vitamins regulated by the placenta? What are the difference between the B,C and A,D,E vitamins?

A
  1. They are transferred across the placenta
  2. B, C vitamins are water soluble and cross more easily
  3. A,D,E vitamins are lipid soluble and they cross more slowly
44
Q

How are minerals regulated by the placenta?

A

They are trasnferred across the placenta (they are under fetal control)

45
Q

What are some examples of toxic/potentially pathogenic substances?

A
  1. Ethyl alcohol
  2. Lead
  3. Phosphorous
  4. Mercury
  5. Opiate drugs
  6. barbiturates
  7. antibiotics
  8. Viruses
  9. Bacteria
46
Q

What are teratogenic substances?

A

They are abnormal developments (birth defects)

47
Q

The placenta is a major endocrine organ, what does its hormones provide that access both fetal and maternal circulation?

A
  1. Maintains pregnancy
  2. Impacts ovarian function
  3. Increases fetal growth
  4. Drives mammary function
  5. Assists in parturition
48
Q

What is PMSG?

A

Pregnant mare syrum gonadotropin, this is an old term.

49
Q

What homrones does the mare placenta produce? What is it produced by?

A
  1. Produces eCG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-PMSG)
  2. Produced by transient endometrial cups
50
Q

What are lutetrophic actions?

A
  1. Maintains CL of pregnancy & progesterone secretion
  2. Initiates accesory CL formation (she will ovulate again)
  3. Increased progesterone to assist in maintaining pregnancy.
51
Q

What does the placenta have that makes it powerful?

A
  1. Powerful FSH actions
  2. Induces superovulation (cows, sheep, rabbit)
52
Q

What does hCG stand for and what are they produced by?

A
  1. hCG stands for human chorionic gonadotropin
  2. Produced by trophoblast cells of chorion
53
Q

What happens when hCG is given to a non-primate?

A

It induces ovulation

54
Q

What is the purpose of the placental progesterone? Over what time what occurs in certain animals?

A
  1. The blockage of myometrial contractions
  2. CL produces P4 to maintain pregnancy but in cows,ewe and women the placenta take over P4 production
55
Q

Which animal require CL for their entire gestation?

A
  1. Sow
  2. Rabbit
  3. Cow (8 months)
56
Q

Which animals secrete placental lactogen?

A
  1. Rats
  2. Mice
  3. Sheep
  4. Cows
  5. Humans (for mammary development)
57
Q

What are lactogenic actions?

A

They stimulate mammary glands of the dam

ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (13 decks)

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