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ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major events after parturition?

A
  1. Lactation
  2. Puerperium
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2
Q

What occurs during lactation? what is it?

A
  1. Synthesis, secretion and removal of milk from the mammary gland
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3
Q

What is Puerperium?

A

It is the period after parturition when the reproductive tract returns to a non-pregnant condition

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4
Q

What are the major events of puerperium?

A
  1. Myometrial contractions for expulsion of lochia (discharge)
  2. Endometrial repair
  3. Resumptio of ovarain function
  4. Elimination of contamination within the reproductive tract
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5
Q

What is the desirable amount of peurperium for food animals?

A
  1. Short possible time
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6
Q

What occurs during Uterine involution?

A
  1. There are Myometrial contractions:
    * Discharge fluid (2 weeks in cows)
    * Compress vasculature to prevent hemorrhage
    * Reduce size of uterus
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7
Q

Why do these events in uterine involution matter in dairy?

A

It is because calf is removed within 24 hours of parturition.

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8
Q

How long does it for complete ovulation in these animals?:
1. Beef Cow
2. Diary Cow
3. Mare
4. Sow
5. Woman

A
  1. 30D
  2. 45-50D
  3. 21-28D
  4. 28-30D
  5. 40-45D
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9
Q

How long does it take for Ovarian activity to resume in these animals?:
1. Beef Cow
2. Dairy Cow
3. Mare
4. Sow
5. Woman

A
  1. 50-60D (L) (because of sucking calfs)
  2. 18-25D (because the pulling of the dairy calf)
  3. 5-12D (Bred after foaling)
  4. 7D (L)
  5. 6-24M (L)
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10
Q

During postpartum what occurs in the right ovary and in the left ovary in the uterus, in-situ?

A

1.Right Ovary contains no follicles
2.Left Ovary contains follicles

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11
Q

What occurs during day 4 of postpartum?

A

There was a dramatic reduction in size between 1-5D

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12
Q

What occurs during Day 20 Postpartum?

A

Right ovary starts to grow follicles

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13
Q

What is the important of lactation?

A
  1. It is the Primary source of nutrition for neonates in mammals
  2. A staple part of economy and multi-billion dollar industry.
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14
Q

When do the mammary glands develop?

A

They develop in the embryo along the mammary ridge

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15
Q

In what order do mammary gland develop?

A
  1. Mammary ridge
  2. Primary mammary bud
  3. Secondary mammary bud
  4. Canalization
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16
Q

What is the Mammary ridge?

A

Thickened epidermal tissue that gives rise to the mammary gland

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17
Q

What occurs in the primary mammary bud?

A

The epidermal tissue develops inward to penetrate the mesenchyme (dermis)

18
Q

What occurs in the secondary mammary bud?

A

Primary bud branches to further penetrate the dermis

19
Q

What occurs durling canalization?

A
  1. Secondary buds lengthen and branch
  2. form canals (future duct system)
  3. Myoepithelial cells surround terminal ends
20
Q

Which animals contain 2 canals per teat? Which ones contain 1 canal/cistern per treat? Which contain 2-3 ducts per teat?

A
  1. Camel
  2. Cow, ewe, goat
  3. Mare, sow
21
Q

Which animals contain 5-6 ducts per teat? Which animals contain 8-10 ducts per nipple/teat?

A
  1. Bitch, Queen
  2. Primate, Elephant
22
Q

When does mammogenesis occur?

A

Occurs during fetal development

23
Q

What occurs during mammogenesis? What does it cover?

A
  1. Fetal mammary ride development occurs
  2. Covers the ventral surface: armpit->inguinal region
24
Q

What does isometric mean?

A

Occurs at the same rate as other tissues

25
Q

What does allomestric mean?

A

Grows disproportionately

26
Q

Since the postnatal growth of the mammary gland is endocrine mediates what is its process?

A
  1. Development is not completed until after puberty and birth of an offspring
  2. Between birth and puberty, growth is isometric
  3. After pubertym, mammary gland growth is allometric
27
Q

What does estradiol do during the regulation of mammary growth?

A
  1. Influences branching of ducts and diameter increase during first several estrous/menstrual cycles
28
Q

What does progesterone do during the regulation of mammary growth?

A

Terminal portions of branches begin to form alveoli (functional secretory units of the mammary gland)

29
Q

What does Prolactin and Growth Hormone do during the regulation of mammary growth?

A

There is rapid duct development during puberty because of them

30
Q

What does the complete mammary gland development require?

A

Requires full gestation

31
Q

What are lobule reffered to as?

A

“Group of grapes on a single stem among an entire branch of grapes”

32
Q

What does occurs during the process of pregnancy to parturition?

A
  1. Lobulo-alveolar development completed last 1/3 pregnancy
  2. 90% of mammary tissue (milk producing units)
33
Q

What pregnancy hormones stimulate the mammary epithelium to produce milk?

A

1.Prolactin
2.Adrenal hormones
3.placental lactogen

34
Q

What does lactation provide the baby?

A

1.Provides nutrition
2.Provides immunoprotection to the neonate

35
Q

What is Colostrum?

A

Colostrum is the first secretions from mammary gland that contain immunoglobulins (antibodies)

36
Q

What can be ingested by the offspring?

A

Large molecules can be ingested by the neonate through specialized gut cells to provide passive immunity

37
Q

What can mammals not do with an epithelialchorial placenta?

A

They cannot transfer antibodies in-utero

38
Q

How does milk production stop?

A

Stops because of pressure atrophy

39
Q

How does pressure atrophy occur?

A

It occurs from decreased suckling = decreased prolactin from the anterior pituitary to stimulate milk production

40
Q

How does milk get ejected what are the factors?

A
  1. Sensory activation- auditory, tactile and visual
  2. Neural input- Activation of hypothalamus
  3. Oxytocin release into the blood stream from posterior pituitary
  4. Contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland
  5. Mechanical trasnfer of milk from alveoli into ducts and then the teat/nipple
41
Q

What kind of reflex is milk ejection? What is another name form milk ejection?

A
  1. Neuroendocrine reflex
  2. “Milk letdown”

ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (13 decks)

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