Reproductive Behavior Flashcards
What are the 3 Reproductive behaviors stages in males?
- Precopulatory stage
- Copulatory stage
- Postcopulatory stage
What are the 3 Reproductive behaviors in females?
- Attractivity Stage
- Proceptivity Stage
- Receptivity Stage
What are the events that occur in the precopulatory stage?
- Search for a sexual partner
- Courtship
- Sexual arousal
- Erection
- Penile protrusion
What events are in the copulatory stage?
- Mounting
- Intromission ( Penis introduced to vagina)
- Emission (seminal fluid & sperm movement into pelvic urethral)
- Ejaculation (expulsion of semen into female tract)
What events are in the Postcopulatory stage?
- Dismount
- Refractory Period
- Memory
For the event of searching for a sexual partner what does the male do?
Male looks for female signals like olfactory, visual, auditory, and tactile responses
What are courtship behaviors?
- Sniffing vulva
- Phonation (females urinates in presence of male)
- Flehmen response (lip curl)
What is sexual arousal?
- Erection
- Penile protrusion (CNS control)
What is mounting? What is emission?
- Female shows lordosis (stands to be mounted )
- Seminal fluid & sperm movement into pelvic urethral
What is Intromission? What is ejaculation?
- Entrance of penis into vagina
- Expulsion of semen into female tract.
What is the postcopulatory?
The refractory period, no further copulation (sec to min), memory
What occurs in the attractivity phase?
- behaviors that attract males
- postures, vocalization, pheromones
What occurs in the attractivity phase?
- behaviors that attract males
- postures, vocalization, pheromones
- Increased physical activity (searching for mate)
What is proceptivity?
- female behaviors that encourages male to copulate
- Posturing with male, homosexual behavior.
What is Receptivity?
- Copulatory behavior of female
- Limited duration in female, considerable species variation
How is CNS initiated?
It is initiated by sensory signals like olfaction, vision, audition, tactility
How can one be able to respond to sensory signals?
The hypothalamus must be sensitized.
How does CNS work in males?
Testosterone is aromatized to estrogen in brain, promotes reproductive behavior
What is the effect of a constant hormone supply?
It initiates reproductive behavior at any time
In females when is there an excess estrogen supply?
Excessive estrogen only prior to estrus (receptiveness)
In what order does the Central nervous system control (CNS) behavior go through?
- Sensory
- Hypothalamus
- Midbrain
- Medulla
- Spinal cord
What are the aspects of the sensory aspect in CNS?
- Visual senses
- Olfactory (detection of pheromones in urine)
- Auditory
- Tactile (Physical touch aspect)
What does the hypothalamus contain in regards to the CNS?
- Estrogen receptors
- Estradiol increases -> increases nerve excitability
- Neurons produce behavior specific peptides
In the Midbrain what is its role in the CNS?
- “Receiving zone” for hypothalamic peptides
- Speeds up impulses
What does the Medulla do in CNS behavior?
Integrates postural adaptation for lordosis and mounting
What role does the Spine contain in the CNS?
- Generates signals to specific muscles for lordosis and mounting
In regards to the bull how long will one follow a cow during potential breeding seasons?
The bull will follow the cow until she is ready to be breeded which could say about more than half-a-day
When it comes to the reproductive behavior, can it always be predicted?
Reproductive behavior cannot always be predicted since the frequency of it can always change.
What are pheremones?
- Volatile substance secreted or released to the outside of the body
- perceived (recognized) by the olfactory system,
- can be activated by the vomeronasal organ
What is the purpose of the pheremones in females? Is there different types?
1.It is meant to serve as a way to attract males
2.It is only difference in estrus females vs. no estrus females
3.Humans has it during ovulation
How does the male respond to female pheremones?
- They do the flehman response for short range investigative behavior
- They do a head elevation and lip curling
What is the purpose of the Flehman response?
- It detects less volatile pheremones by the vomerosonal organ
- It restricts airflow via nasal passages, fluid is aspirated through nasoplatine duct and into sensory surfaces of vomerosonal organ
When it comes to male pheremones what do they do?
- Production of sex pheremones attracts females (different for species)
In regards to the boar how do they attract females? Where does it come from?
- Their presense stimulates sexual arousal of gilts/sows in estrus
- Contained in preputial couch secretions , saliva is secreted by the submaxillary gland, musk odor.
What is the smell of the boar consiting of?
Androgen metabolites
What are examples of vocalization in cows, sows, and queens?
- Cows have increased bellowing
- Sows have grunting associated with estrus
- Queens have vocal “yeow”
What is vocalization by definition?
Long range signals incdicated sexual readiness (mating calls)
What are some examples of male vocalization in beef,dairy and elk?
- Increased bellowing
- Bugling during rut (breeding season)
What is a visual signal that a female is ready to be bred?
Sexual posturing is an example and is very common
When it comes to males how do they learn and what is a possible way for more ejaculation?
- Learn by observing other matings, increasing stimulation (learn experience)
- During a warm up period (several false mounts, with no ejaculation) it increases number of sperm in ejaculate
What could be the cause of a pre-stimulation?
It reduces stimulation time
How does tactile stimulation work in males? How does it work in the stallion & cat?
- It invokes sexual and/or standing posturing by females
- Biting neck/ withers, rubbing flanks/genitalia of mare
- biting neck of queen
What are the 2 different types of neutral controls used?
- Simple Neural Reflex
- Neuroendocrine Reflex
What is the requirment for penile erection and protrusion?
Coordination of neural & vasomotor reactions
How is the process of penil erection and protrusion?
- Elevated arterial blood into penis
- Dilation of corporal sinusoids (corpus covernosus)
- Elevated intrapenile pressure
- Relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and/or straightening of the sigmoid flexure.
In reproductive behavior what are the qualities of the fibroelastic penis?
- No significant increase in diameter
- straightening of sigmoind flexure (bull, ram, boar, camel)
- Retractor penis muscle relaxes
In reproductive behavior what are the qualities of the vascular penis?
- Significant increase in diameter
- Engorgement with blood essential for the (stallion,dog, man)
How does the process of the penile erection occur?
- Flaccid penis
- Sexual arousal (visual,tacile,olfactory)
- Vasodilationof helicine arteries (increased blood flow)
- Increased blood flow to caveronous tissue + decrease venous outflow
- Ejaculation contraction of bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus)
- Venous outflow
What two processes are required for the erection process?
Parasymphathetic and Sympathetic process
What does the Erotogenic stimuli do?
Increases stimulation of nerves in the behavior center of the hypothalamus.
What are the aspects of the sensory input?
- Entrinsic external stimuli stimulate arousal
- Neurons synapse with parasypathetic & sympathetic efferent neruons that control penile vascular muscle tone
What is in the Vascular & Biochemical control of erecion?
This is in regard to the vascular penis
- Two dorso-lateral corpora cavernosa plus corpus spongiosum
- Corporal sinusoids supplied by arteries
- Deep dorsal vein and superficial vein drain erectile tissue
How does the flaccid penis occur?
Sinusoids flatten due to adrenergic neurons secereting norepinephrine resulting in vasoconstriction
During the flaccid penis how does the blood flow?
The blood flow to the cavernosus is low, hence no erection
What is the no erotogenic stimuli?
1.Nonadrengenic noncholinergic (NANC) parasympathetic neurons do not fire
2.No release of nitric oxide
What is the process called when there is no release of nitric oxide (NO)
Vasoconstriction
What is vasoconstriction?
The constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
What does NANC stand for and what does it do?
- Nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurons
- No nitric oxide is secreted
What occurs when Erotogenic stimuli is present?
Tactile, visual auditory or olfactory for CNS stimulation is present
When NANC neurons fire what is released and what is activated?
- Releases NO (nitric oxide)
- Activates guanylate cyclase
What is GTP converted to and what occurs?
- Converted to cGMP
- Causes vasodilation
How does an erection form, which muscle leads it to be erect?
Sinusoid smooth muscles relaxes which leads to an erection
What do adrenergic neurons help with?
Helps flow when the penis is relaxed but is constricted to stop outflow when it is no longer relaxed.
How does GTP turn into cGMP? What process does it go through?
It turns into cGMP through guanylate cyclase which is initiated by NO
cGMP can have 2 results what are they? What initiates one of them?
- Sinusoid smooth muscle relaxes, turning into GMP
- PDE5 which is helped by sildenafil through inhibition
What is viagra considered? How would it be effective?
- Considered a sildenafil citrate
- It would be effective if sexual stimula is present in order to help with erection
What is viagra considered? How would it be effective?
- Considered a sildenafil citrate
- It would be effective if sexual stimula is present in order to help with erection
What effect does Sildenafil Citrate have on the penis?
- Inhibits cGMP to GTP by blocking action PDE
- Prolongs cGMP effect for prolonged erection
- Must be in erotogenic state to produce nitric oxide for cGMP to be produced.
What happens under non-erotogenic conditons?
cGMP is converted into GMP causing loss of erection due to increased vascular tone and outflow of blood.
What does NO stand for?
Nitric Oxide
What is the order of the process of Emission?
- Sensory stimulation (optic, olfactory, tactile, and auditory)
- Stimulation of nerves in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- Release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary
- Contraction of smooth muscle in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferns
- Transport of spermatozoa into an ejaculatory position
How does the process of ejaculation go?
1.Intromission
2.Sensory stimulation of gland penis (temperature and pressure)
3.Sudden and powerful contraction of urethralis, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles
4.Expulsion of semen
What is the sequence of fluid fractions for the Ram, bull?
They have 1 fraction and it contains concentrated sperm
What is the sequence of fluid fraction for the stallion?
Stallions have 2 fractions:
1. First contains sperm rich (3-4 jets)
2. Last contains gel (3-4 jets)
What is the sequence of fluid fraction for the boar?
Boars have 3 fractions:
1. First contains accesory fluid, gelatinous pellets, few sperm
2. Sperm rich (the essential one out of the 3)
3. Gel portion
What is the sequence of fluid fraction for the dog? What is the “tie” thought of to be?
Dogs have 3 fractions:
1. First presperm, prostrate (0.5 to 5ml) “first stage coitus”
2. Sperm rich (1 to 4 mL)
3. Prostate fluid (1 to 80mL) “Second stage coitus”
4. Tie is thought of to enhance deposition of sperm rich fraction
Which is the part that causes the stuck effect in the dog?
The bulbospongeosus is the part that gets stuck because of it being large.
What is the first stage of coitus in the dog?
How long does it last?
- Male mounting
- Intromission, several thrust
- First & second fraction semen deposited.
- (1-2 minutes)
What occurs during “The turn”?
It is the transition between first and second stage coitus (lasts 2-5 seconds)
What happens during the second stage of coitus and how long does it last?
1.Dogs heads face away from each other “The Tie”
2.Lasts 5-45 minutes
In more detail waht else occurs in the second stage of coitus?
- The tie assistws to maintain high blood pressure in penis, decreasing venous drainage
- Contraction fo muscles at base of penis occurs, Bulnus glandi engorged with blood
- Vuvla sphincter muscle constricts, compress dorsal veins
- Third fraction of semen deposited (30 ml), pushes semen to uterus
What is something you should never do while “the tie” is in effect?
Do not break tie because it may compromise fertility & cause injury, it is a natural behavior
What are the sites of seme deposition in the Ram, Beef/Diary, Stallion, Boar, Dog, Tom (Cat)?
The sites of semen depostion are:
1. External vervical os (R)
2. Fornix vagina (B/D)
3. External cervical os (S)
4. Cervix & Uterus (Bo)
5. Vagina, semen pushed into uterus (D)
6. Vagina (TC)
What is the Refractory period? What does it fall under satiation or exahaustion?
1.Period before next ejaculation can occur
2.The refractory period is under the part of satiation than exhaustion
What is Satiation and what is Exhaustion?
- Satiation is when further stimuli will not cause immediate responsiveness or motivation
- Exhaustion is when no further sexual behavior can be induced, even with sufficient stimulation
What is the Refractory period dependent on?
Dependent on:
1. Degree of sexual rest before copulation
2. Age & species of male
3. Degree of female novelty (intro to new females)
4. Number of previous ejaculations
What does the species differences mean in mating?
Stands for mating with same female during estrus
How many times are females mated in the:
Stallion:
Rams:
Bulls:
Boars:
- 5 to 10x during estrus (S)
- Mate same ewe 4 to 5x (R)
- Mate same cow 4 to 5x (B)
- Several sows over 1-2 days (Bo)
What is the coolidge effect?
- It is the novely of copulatory partner and enviornment
- Restoration of mating behavior in sexual satiated males, occurs when original female is replaced by novel female.
What does Novel mean in the sense of novel female?
Introduction of a brand new female
In familar females how many mounts are performed in 8 hours? (Chickens)
12 mounts are performed in 8 hours
In familiar females and new location how many mounts are performed in 8 hours?
18 Mounts are performed in 8 hours
In novel females how many mounts are performed in 8 hours?
24 mounts are done in 8 hours.
What are factors that can alter seminal parameters (sperm numbers)?
- The frequent collection of semen for AI, amounts collected several times a week and labor associated with it.
- Sexual preparation the combination of sensory and neural action
- False mounting, restraint, false mounting, prevents repeated intromisison and increases sperm output
What is needed from frequent collection of semen?
- Constant sexual arousal needed to induce mounting/ejaculation
- change stimulus animal and/or location keep things novel
What is needed from frequent collection of semen?
- Constant sexual arousal needed to induce mounting/ejaculation
- change stimulus animal and/or location keep things novel
What is sexual preparation?
1.It is the extended period of sexual stimulation beyond that needed for mounting/ejaculation
2.prolongs precopulatory period of behavior
3. the purpose is to provide the greatest possible # of sperm/ ejaculate
