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ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology > Parturition > Flashcards

Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during pre-parturition?

A
  1. The vulva softens, is swollen
  2. Cervix begins to dilate
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2
Q

What is the proper fetal positioning for a cow, mare, ewe and what is the proper positioning for sow, cats, dogs?

A
  1. Forefeet/nose on cervix
  2. Forward and/or backward
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3
Q

What triggers the onset of parturition?

A

The fetus

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4
Q

What is needed in order for the initation of parturition?

A

What is required is the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis.

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4
Q

What is needed in order for the initation of parturition?

A

What is required is the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis.

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5
Q

When the act of parturition occurs what normally occurs and what happens?

A
  1. Fetal mass nears inheret utrine space limitations.
  2. Initiates fetal endocrine stress response.
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6
Q

How does the process of hormones go?

A

Starts with fetal adrenal corticotropin (ACTH) -> Adrenal gland -> cortisol

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7
Q

What does cortosol do?

A

Cortisol modifies placental endocrine function

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8
Q

During relative hormone concentrations on how do ACTH/Fetal cortisol, Progesterone, Prostaglandin, Estrogen vary?

A
  1. ACTH induced/ fetal cortisol increase until the day of parturition
  2. Progesterone starts to decrease and starts to slowly increase slightly on parturition
  3. Estrogen increases and starts to decrease on the day of parturition
  4. prostaglandin increases until the day of parturition and then spikes down and starts to increase after that.
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9
Q

What 2 main endocrine changes occur in the dam due to fetal corticoids?

A
  1. Progetsterone block is removed (progesterone -> estrogen)
  2. Increases in placental PGF2alpha
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10
Q

What occurs when progesterone block is removed?

A
  1. It increases myometrial contractions -> fetal pressure on cervix -> increases oxytocin (ferguson reflex)
  2. Increases cervical/uterine secretions -> lubricates birth canal
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11
Q

What occurs when there is an increase in placental PGF2alpha?

A
  1. Increases myometrial contractions, CL regression
  2. Increaes relaxin from CL-> stretch pelvic ligaments
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12
Q

What does progesterone needs in order to become estradiol?

A

Needs cortisol to activate enzymes like
1. 17 alpha Hydroxylase
2. 17-20 Desmolase
3. Aromatase
Fetal cortisol promotes the conversion of P4 to E2

In the order that it is in, is when each one is needed

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13
Q

When it comes to Mares, Cows, Women, Ewes, Sows how to Progesterone and Estradiol vary in relation?

A
  1. Mares have an increase of progesterone and switches roles with estradiol midway
  2. Cows have high progesterone and a consistent amount until estradiol peaks and goes down with progesterone
  3. Women have an increase of progesterone and estradiol and in the end both peak down
  4. Ewe has an increase of progesterone and decreases while estradiol is consistently non-existent or low until the end where it peaks and goes down just as progesterone does
  5. Sow has a peak of progesterone and slowly goes down while estradiol has a peak around the end of its cycle and then meets with progesterone in the end.
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14
Q

What is the long process when fetal stress occurs?

A

Increase of fetal ACTH -> fetal cortisol turns into enzymes which with placental progesterone turns into estradiol, it can then turn into Mymetrial contractions or can increase secretion by femal tract which can increase lubrication. If it were to increase myometrial contractions it would increase pressure -> increases cervical stimulation -> increases oxytocin -> reaches maximum pressure.

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15
Q

What is another direction that fetal cortisol can go in?

A

Fetal cortisol can help with PGF2alpha production and it can become luteolysis or it can turn into relaxin, relaxin and turn into pelvic ligament stretching.

16
Q

What can cause a release of oxytocin?

A

Pressure on the cervix can increase oxytocin

17
Q

What occurs when there stimualted contractions due to neural pathways?

A

It would go into the hypothalamus, increase blood flow, and then from there increase oxytocin which goes into the fetus.

18
Q

What occurs in stage 1: initiation of myometrial contractions (removal of p4 block)?

A
  1. Causes behavioral changes such as restlessness, solitary behavior, anxiety
  2. The progesterone block & cervical plug are released.
  3. estrogen increases cervical/uterine mucous -> lubrication
  4. Relaxin increases stretching of pelvic ligaments, there is fetal entry into birth canal
  5. Increases neural signal -> increases pituitary oxytocin
  6. Repeated myometrial contractions cause the ferguson reflex.
19
Q

What occurs in Stage II: fetal expulsion?

A
  1. There is strong myometrial & abdominal contractions
  2. Fetal hypoxia (seperation from uterus) induces fetus to move -> drives additional myometrial contractions
  3. Chorion (1st) & amnion (2nd) break -> fluid discharge
  4. Amnion covers fetus at birth -> removed by dam
  5. Umbilical cord is broken (farm animals), bitten off (dog/cats)
20
Q

What is Dystocia?

A

A difficult birth, (in terms of horses) foals should be delivered head first with one foreleg slightly in front of the other

21
Q

What is a breached foal?

A

It is when the foal is in an incorrect position; hind legs are first.

22
Q

What occurs in Stage III: Placental expulsion?

A
  1. It is a rapid process after parturition
  2. dystocia can delay membrane expulsion
  3. Chorionic villi releases from endometrial crypts
  4. Vasocontriction of villi arteries
  5. (do not yank placenta causes damage)
23
Q

For the equine placenta what normally occurs to the allantois when parturition occurs?

A

The allantois normally is removed when the fetus comes out

24
Q

What is a red bag delivery?

A
  1. Placenta has prematurely seperated from uterus and foal is at risk of suffocation. Requires immediate intervention
  2. Chorion has prematurely seperated from the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium)

ANS3319C Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (13 decks)

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