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Biology > The Flower > Flashcards

The Flower Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Flower

A

It is a specialized shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral structures

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2
Q

Name the 4 whorls of the flower

A

Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium

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3
Q

What is the outermost whorl made up of?

A

Sepals

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4
Q

What is the second whorl made up of?

A

Petals

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5
Q

What is the 3rd whorl made up of?

A

Stamens (5) Consisting of thread like filament with a bilobed anther at the tip (anther makes polen)

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6
Q

What is the 4th and innermost whorl made up of?

A

Centrally located pistil consisting of 1 carpel or many carpels fused together. Carpels have ovary at base which has ovules which bear female gamete. Middle - style. Uppermost - stigma.

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7
Q

What is a complete flower?

A

A complete flower is one that contains all the four floral whorls.

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8
Q

What is a complete flower?

A

A complete flower is one that contains all the four floral whorls.

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9
Q

What are some examples of a complete flower?

A

Hibiscus, rose, sunflower

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10
Q

What is an incomplete flower?

A

A flower in which one or more sets of the floral whorls are absent.

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11
Q

Give some examples of an incomplete flower.

A

Papaya, palm

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12
Q

What are the essential whorls of the flower?

A

Those that are directly concerned with reproduction.

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13
Q

What are the non essential whorls of the flower?

A

Those that either protect the reproductive parts of the flower or make the flower attractive for pollination.

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14
Q

Give examples of the essential whorls of the flower.

A

Stamens, Carpels (Androceium, Gynoecium)

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15
Q

Give examples of the non essential whorls of a flower.

A

Sepals and petals (Calyx and Corolla)

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16
Q

What is it called when petals and sepals are undifferentiated?

A

Tepals

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17
Q

What is it called when sepals and petals and undifferentiated (collective)

A

Perianth

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18
Q

Perianth

A

The collective tepals, which is when sepals and petals are undifferentiated

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19
Q

Tepals

A

When sepals and petals are undifferentiated they are called perianth

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20
Q

Give examples of tepals

A

Wheat and grass

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21
Q

Green perianth

A

Sepaloid perianth

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22
Q

When perianth is not green

A

Petaloid perianth

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23
Q

Petaloid perianth

A

When perianth is not green

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24
Q

Sepaloid perianth

A

When perianth is green

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25
Q

Bracts

A

When a flower arises in the axil of a leave like structure it is known as a bract. They may be green or coloured like leaves or petals.

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26
Q

Example of bract

A

Bougainvillea where the brightly coloured bracts are mistaken for petals

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27
Q

Talk about the uniqueness of Bougainvilea

A

It has large brightly coloured bracts often mistaken for petals. When flowers arise in the axil of leaf like structure it is known as bract.
Bougainvilleas actual flower is cylindrical and small attached to inner side of bract.

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28
Q

Where is nectar secreted and give the example

A

The nectar in flowers is secreted by a group of cells called nectaries at base of pistel or of petals.
The nectaries are prominent in Nasturtium.

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29
Q

Where is the male gamete and female gamete?

A

Male gamete ➡️ Stamens (male whorl)
Has filament and anther, anther produces pollen (male gamete)
Female gamete ➡️ Carpels (female whorl)
Has ovary bears ovule encloses egg cell (female gamete)

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30
Q

Give definition of Bisexual flowers
They are also called ______?

A

Flowers having both stamens and Carpels.
Hermaphrodite flowers.

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31
Q

Example of Bisexual flowers

A

Hibiscus, rose, lily, tomato

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32
Q

What are unisexual flowers?

A

Flower having only one of the reproductive whorls either stamens or Carpels

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33
Q

What are examplws of unisexual flowers?

A

Papaya and palm

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34
Q

Staminate flower

A

Unisexual flower containing only stamens

35
Q

Male flower

A

Unisexual flower containing only stamens

36
Q

Unisexual flower containing only stamens

A

Male or staminate flower

37
Q

Unisexual flower containing only the Carpels

A

Female or pistillate flower

38
Q

Female flower

A

Unisexual flower containing only the Carpels

39
Q

Pistillate flower

A

Unisexual flower containing only the Carpels

40
Q

Neuter flower with example

A

A flower in which both male and female reproductive organs are lacking.
Ray florets of sunflower (pistillate but sterile)

41
Q

How many sepals in calyx usually

A

5

42
Q

Free sepals

A

Polysepalous

43
Q

Polysepalous

A

Free sepals

44
Q

Gamosepalous

A

Fused sepals

45
Q

Fused sepals

A

Gamosepalous

46
Q

2nd series of sepals? Collective name?

A

Episepals (Epicalyx)

47
Q

Episepals

A

2nd series of sepals

48
Q

Epicalyx

A

Collective name for 2nd series of sepals

49
Q

What happens to sepals when flower opens

A

Fall of or persist

50
Q

Function of sepals

A

Protect the young flower bud
Green sepals perform photosynthesis

51
Q

Double whorl of Corolla example

A

Poppy

52
Q

Spirally arranged Corolla example

A

Water lily

53
Q

Polypetalous

A

The petals of the Corolla are free

54
Q

The petals of the Corolla are free

A

Polypetalous

55
Q

The petals of the Corolla are united to form a tube

A

Gamopetalous

56
Q

Gamopetalous

A

The petals of the Corolla are united to form a tube

57
Q

Function of corolla

A

Colourful and fragrant petals attract insects for cross pollination
Protect Stamens and pistils especially when petals form a tube

58
Q

Characteristics and structure of Androceium

A

No of stamens very from few to very large number
Each stamen consists of a large thread like filament and a bilobed anther attached to extremity

59
Q

How many pollen sacs does a stamen have

A

The anther of a stamen is bilobed. Each lobe has 2 sacs. Hence each stamen has 4 (4️⃣)

60
Q

What happens when Androceium matures?

A

Pollen sacs rupture to liberate the pollen grains (pollen - powdery particles of different shapes and sizes)

61
Q

Free stamens

A

Polyandrous

62
Q

Polyandrous

A

Free stamens joined and organised in single, double or several groups

63
Q

Monoadelphous

A

Stamens united in 1 group by filaments

64
Q

Ex of Monoadelphous

A

China rose, cotton

65
Q

Diadelphous + Ex

A

Stamens United in 2 bundles
Ex pea (9/10 stamens form a staminal tube, 1 is free)

66
Q

Polyadelphous + Eg

A

Filaments United in several groups
Eg: Bombax

67
Q

Carpel consists of

A

Ovary : Swollen basal portion is composed of 1 or more Carpels fused together
Inner cavity may be a single chamber of divided into several chambers (locules)

68
Q

Locule

A

Inner cavity of ovary may be a single chamber or divided into several chambers called locules.
Each locule has a number of rounded bodies called the ovules.

69
Q

What attached the ovules to ovarys wall

A

Placenta

70
Q

Placenta

A

The tissue that attaches the ovule to the wall of the ovary

71
Q

In which 2 types of plants are the male and female flowers separate

A

Monoecious and dioecious plants

72
Q

Monoecious plants

A

Male and female flower grow on the same plant

73
Q

Ex of monoecious plant

A

Maize cucumber pumpkin

74
Q

Dioecious plants

A

Male and female flowers grow on different plants

75
Q

Ex of Dioecious plants

A

Palm and papaya

76
Q

Inflorescence

A

The mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of a plant

77
Q

Placentation

A

The manner in which the ovules are arranged or attached to the wall of the ovary

78
Q

What happens to ovules upon maturation?

A

They turn into seeds in mature fruit.

79
Q

Different manners of inflorescence

A

The flower is arranged singly either at the apex of the main stem or the terminal apex of the lateral branches

The flower is arranged in the axils of the leaves

The flower is growing out from the axils of different leaves and teaching the same level making a cluster

The axis is laterally flattened to make a disc like in sunflower. The younger flowers are in center older is in periphery

80
Q

How can we see the different arrangements of ovary/seed

A

In fruits like pea tomato mango Lotus etc.

81
Q

Pedicel

A

Stalk which supports flower

82
Q

Thalamus

A

Tip of pedicel may be enlarged to form a cup shaped receptacle or thalamus.

83
Q

Sessile

A

Flower without stalk

84
Q

Flower without stalk

A

Sessile

Biology (4 decks)

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