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Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define respiration

A

The biochemical process of releasing energy by breaking down glucose for carrying out life processes.

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2
Q

Equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 602 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

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3
Q

What type of respiration is depicted in the overall equation?
Why?

A

Cellular (or tissue) respiration.
It occurs inside every living cell.

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4
Q

Does the breakdown of glucose occur in a single step

A

No.
Series of chemical steps.
Some occur in the cytoplasm of the cell
Some in mitocnondria

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5
Q

Why does each breakdown step happen

A

Due to a particular enzyme

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6
Q

The energy liberated in the breakdown of the glucose molecule is in the form of

A

A large part of it is converted into ATP (38 molecules)
Some is in the form of heat

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7
Q

What is ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate.
When energy in form of ATP is used it is converted into ADP.
Again when more energy is available in the form of glucose ADP is reconverted to ATP and so it goes on.

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8
Q

ADP full form

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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9
Q

ATP full form

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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10
Q

38 molecules of ATP are yielded on

A

Complete oxidisation of one glucose mole

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11
Q

Why is ATP called the energy currency inside the cell

A

It stores and releases energy in a form cells can readily use.
One mole of glucose on complete oxidisation yields 38 molecules of ATP.

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12
Q

Do the essential steps of cellular respiration differ between plants and animals?

A

No

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13
Q

Name 4 reasons we need energy

A
  1. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
  2. Production of enzymes
  3. Contraction of muscles for movement
  4. Conduction of electrical impulse in a nerve cell
  5. Production of new cells by cell division
  6. In keeping the body warm (in warm blooded animals ie birds and mammals)
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14
Q

What needs more energy plants or animals?

A

Animals

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15
Q

Why is the need for production of energy greater in animals?

A

Bc they consume more energy doing physical work
They have to move about to obtain food/run away from enemies
Chew food, look after eggs/young ones etc.

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16
Q

Which animals need more energy and why?

A

Birds and animals as they need to produce lots of heat to keep the body warm.
This heat comes through cellular respiration and the amount required to keep our body warm is a lot.

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17
Q

Which cells in order produce most heat

A

Liver cells, muscle cells

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18
Q

Which cells in order produce most heat

A

Liver cells, muscle cells

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19
Q

Why do we shiver and clatter our teeth?

A

When we feel too cold we do so as it is an emergency activity of the muscle cells to produce extra cells to keep the body warm.

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20
Q

What happens if glucose is not available directly

A

The cells will break down proteins or fats to produce glucose for respiratory needs

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21
Q

How do flesh eaters obtain glucose

A

Their diet is mainly proten w very Lil carbs.
The excess amino acids absorbed through protein digestion are broken down in liver to produce glucose and the nitrogenous part is converted into urea which gets excreted out.
The glucose produced can be used immediately on can be stored in liver cells for future use as glycogen.
Similar process happens in humans if we have excessively protein rich food.

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22
Q

2 types of respiration

A

Aerobic (uses oxygen)
Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen)

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23
Q

Example of organism conducting anaerobic respiration

A

Tapeworms living inside the human intestines
In our own body in the fast working skeletal muscles temporarily during continuous physical exercise like running or swimming. Our muscles work fast but don’t get lots of oxygen.
Muscles are working in absence of oxygen to provide extra energy.

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24
Q

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans

A

Lactic acid

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25
Q

Explain oxygen debt

A

When we are doing strenuous exercise our fast working skeletal muscles are working too fast but don’t get enough oxygen.
That is the muscles are working in the absence of oxygen to provide extra energy that is conducting anaerobic respiration.
The product of this is lactic acid and it’s accumulation causes a feeling of fatigue.
This is a condition called oxygen debt. When you rest after exercise lactic acid slowly gets oxidised by the later available oxygen and the debt is cleared producing carbon dioxide in the process.

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26
Q

Are the chemical changes taking place in aerobic respiration in animals and plants same

A

Yes

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27
Q

How many grams in a mol of glucose/how many grams shld be oxidised to give 38 ATP

A

180

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28
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation

A

C6h1206 —enzymes–> lactic acid + 2 ATP + heat energy

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29
Q

Characteristics of anaerobic respiration

A

Slow process
Reaction can’t continue for long as product lactic acid has toxic effect on cells causing muscle fatigue and aches
No CO2 produced
Total energy released per mole of glucose is v less compared to aerobic

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30
Q

Difference btwn anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

A

Plants:
Products of glucose break down are ethanol and CO2
Heat energy released is more
Animals:
Lactic acid only product
Heat energy released is less

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31
Q

What are the 4 parts of respiration

A

Breathing
Gaseous transport
Tissue respiration
Cellular respiration

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32
Q

Breathing

A

Physical process in which atmospheric air is taken in and forced out of the oxygen absorbing organs the lungs

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33
Q

Gaseous transport

A

Oxygen absorbed by blood in lungs is carried by RBCS as oxyhaemoglobin throughout the body by means of arteries.

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34
Q

CO2 from tissues is transported into lungs by blood in which 2 ways by veins

A
  1. as bicarbonates dissolved in plasma
  2. In combination with the haemoglobin of Rbcs as
    Carbamino haemoglobin
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35
Q

Tissue respiration

A

The terminal blood vessels that is the capillaries deliver the oxygen to the body cells/tissues where oxygen diffuses through their thin walls similarly capillaries pick up CO2 released by them.

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36
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The complex chemical changes occurring inside the cell to release energy from glucose

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37
Q

What are the 2 phases of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)
Krebs cycle (in mitochondria)

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38
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

In cytoplasm outside mitochondria

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39
Q

Krebs cycle location

A

Inside mitochondria

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40
Q

In glycolysis what breakdowns into what

A

Glucose into pyruvic acid then ethanol in plants or lactic acid in animals

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41
Q

What breakdowns into what in Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid/lacticic acid breaks down to produce ATP and CO2

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42
Q

Glycolysis Krebs cycle aerobic anaerobic

A

Anaerobic
Aerobic

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43
Q

How much energy released in glycolysis

A

No energy released

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44
Q

How much energy is produced in Krebs cycle

A

Much energy

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45
Q

What is function of oxygen

A

To remove the H+ ions released in Krebs cycle by forming water

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46
Q

What does respiratory organs consist of

A

Air passages
Nose pharynx larynx
Trachea bronchi

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47
Q

Nose

A

External part bears 2 nostrils separated by cartilaginous septum.
Hairs present in nostrils prevent large particles from entering the system.
2 nostrils open into pair of nasal chambers.

48
Q

Inner lining of nasal chambers perform what functions

A

Mucous secretion entraps harmful particles
Warms air as it passes over
Adds moisture to air.

49
Q

Additional functions of nose

A

Smell. Sensory cells of smell are located in a special pocket situated high up in nasal chambers.

50
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasal chambers open at back into a wide cavity called the pharynx situated at base of mouth.
It is a common passage for air and food.
Leads into air tube called trachea or windpipe and oesophagus food tube located dorsally behind trachea.

51
Q

What happens to oesophagus when not in use

A

Partially collapsed due to soft walls

52
Q

Epiglottis

A

Entry to trachea is guarded by flap called epiglottis
It closes at time of swallowing food.
Incomplete closure of epiglottis during swallowing is called cough.

53
Q

Larynx aka

A

Adams apple and voice box

54
Q

Describe larynx

A

Hollow cartilaginous structure located at start of trachea (wind pipe)
When we swallow something this part rises and falls.

55
Q

Larynx contains

A

2 ligamentous folds called vocal cords.
Air expelled forcibly through these vibrates them producing sound.
By adjusting the distance between the two chords and their tension by means of attached muscles a range of sounds can be produced.

56
Q

What’s voice

A

Sound produced by vocal chords of larynx

57
Q

What’s speech

A

Character given to voice by the complex movements of lips cheeks tongue and jaws. It consists of words or syllables and it is a speciality of only human species.

58
Q

Trachea aka

A

Windpipe

59
Q

Trachea

A

Emerges from larynx (voice box) down below in neck where it’s partly covered by thyroid gland.
Walls are strengthened by c shaped rings of cartilage, the incomplete part of these rings being on the back

60
Q

C shaped ring of cartilage function

A

Keep trachea distended (open) permanently
Provide flexibility

61
Q

Where does trachea divide into which two thbes

A

Close to lungs
Bronchi

62
Q

Bronchi

A

Each bronchus enters their respective lung.
On entering each bronchus divides into fine secondary bronchi which divide into finer tertiary bronchi.
The cartilaginous rings like those present on trachea are also present on smaller bronchi to keep them distended.

63
Q

Bronchioles

A

Are the still finer tubes of tertiary bronchi.
Acquire diameter of abt 1mm and are without cartilage rings.
By repeated branching, the bronchioles ultimately end in a cluster of tiny sir chambers called alveoli the air sacs.

64
Q

Describe the alveolus (plural alveoli)

A

By repeated branching the bronchioles ultimately end in a cluster of tiny air chambers called the alveoli.
A network of blood capillaries surrounds the wall of each alveolus.
The walls of the alveoli are v thin, one cell thick.
This is to allow gaseous diffusion through them. Oxygen from air first dissolves in a thin layer of water/fluid that covers the surface of alveoli.

65
Q

How do the lungs provide an enormous surface area?

A

The number of alveoli in the 2 lungs in an adult human is about 700 million.
Total surface area of alveoli is about 70 square metres (nearly equal to the area of a tennis court or nearly 100 times the surface of the skin).

66
Q

What is the protective lining of respiratory passage

A

Ciliated epithelium

67
Q

Which organs inner lining is formed of the ciliated epithelium?

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

68
Q

What is the function of the cilia

A

During lifetime the cilia are constantly in motion driving any fluid (mucus) that is on them and any particles that may have come in with the air towards the mouth.

69
Q

The lungs describe in 2 words,
What are the formed by

A

Pair of spongy and elastic organs formed by the air sacs, their connecting bronchioles, blood vessels etcm

70
Q

The lungs (detailed)

A

The two lungs are roughly cone shaped, tapering at the top and broad at the bottom.
The left lung has 2 lobes while the right lung has 3.
The left lung is slightly smaller to accommodate the heart between.

71
Q

Each lung is covered by which 2 membranes?

A

Inner (visceral) pleura
Outer (parietal) pleura

72
Q

Which fluid is found between the two membranes of the lungs where

A

Pleural fluid, a watery fluid in the pleural cavity found between the two membranes that cover each lung.

73
Q

Visceral (inner) pleura and Parietal (outer) pleura function

A

Provides lubrication for free movement of the expanding and contracting of lungs.

74
Q

What occupies the greater part of the thoracic cavity

A

Lungs

75
Q

Where are the lungs located in thoracic cavity

A

Close to the inner surface of the thoracic wall and their lower bases closely rest on the diaphragm

76
Q

What pumps deoxygenated blood into what

A

Right auricle pumps deoxygenated lood received from body into right ventricle

77
Q

Differentiate between respiration and breathing

A

Realisation is a broader term which includes intaking air (oxygen) and it’s utilisation in the cells of the body to produce energy.

Breathing is simply a mechanical process of inhaling and exhaling the air, it’s a muscular process.

Respiration includes breathing, breathing doesn’t include respiration.

78
Q

3 components of respiratory cycle

A

Inspiration (breathing in)
Expiration (breathing out)
V short respiratory pause

79
Q

In normal adults breathing rate

A

12 to 18 breathe per minute

80
Q

How many times does a newborn breathe per minute

A

60 times

81
Q

How does CO2 affect the rate of breathing

A

Slight increase in CO2 content in blood increases the breathing rate

82
Q

Inspiration is a result of what

A

Increase in the size of the thoracic cavity

83
Q

What 2 organs cause inspiration

A

Combined action of ribs and diaphragm

84
Q

What happens to ribs to cause inspiration

A

They move upwards and outwards due to the contraction of the external intercostal muscles stretched between them, this enlarging the chest cavity all around.

85
Q

The contraction of which muscles causes respiration and which muscles stay relaxed

A

External intercostal muscles that are stretched between them
Internal intercostal muscles stay relaxed

86
Q

What is the diaphragm and where is it situated

A

A sheet of muscular tissue
Situated towards the base of the lungs

87
Q

How is the diaphragm normally

A

Normally remains arches upward like a dome

88
Q

What does the diaphragm do in inspiration

A

It contracts and flattens from the dome shaped outline to an almost flattened plane and thus contributes to the enlargement of the chest cavity lengthwise.
As the diaphragm flattens, it presses the organs inside the abdomen and with the abdominal muscles relaxed, the abdominal wall moves outwards leading to increase in the volume of chest cavity and decrease in pressure

89
Q

Abdominal wall moving outwards causes

A

Increase in volume of chest cavity
Decrease of pressure

90
Q

What happens due to decreased pressure inside the lungs

A

It draws the air inward. The outside air being at a greater pressure rushes in to equalise the pressure

91
Q

What happens to pressure when thoracic (chest) cavity increases in size

A

Internal pressure is decreased.
Lungs expand hence pressure in lungs is lowered below atmospheric pressure

92
Q

Expiration is result of

A

Reverse movements of ribs and diaphragm

93
Q

What relaxes in expiration

A

Intercostal muscles relax and hence ribs move automatically
Diaphragm is relaxed and moves upwards to its dome like outline
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases and lungs and compressed forcing the air out in the atmosphere

94
Q

What happens when we breath forcibly or naturally during intense physical exercise

A

The internal intercostal muscles also contract causing further contraction of the rib cage to expel out more air for larger intake of oxygen

95
Q

When do the internal intercostal muscles also contract

A

When we breathe out forcibly
Or naturally during intense physical exercise

96
Q

What is tissue/internal respiration

A

The process by which the cells of the body use the oxygen to oxidise the food and release energy.

97
Q

What is the waste product of breakdown of glucose molecule
How is it sent out

A

Co2
In respiration

98
Q

What controls the breathing movements

A

Respiratory centre

99
Q

Where is the Respiratory centre located

A

In the medulla oblongata of the brain

100
Q

What stimulates the Respiratory centre

A

The carbon dioxide content of the blood

101
Q

Are the breathing movements involuntary or voluntary

A

Normally they are not under the control of our will ie they are involuntary
To some extent we can consciously increase or decrease the rate and extent of breathing
If u forcibly hold ur breath a stage wld come when u cannot hold it any longer

102
Q

True or false?
The air inside the lungs is replaced completely.

A

False. It is never replaced completely. It is always a mixture of the air left inside and the aid inspired.

103
Q

What is happening to the air in the lungs with every what

A

Becoming better and worse
With every inspiration and expiration

104
Q

Expired air as compared to inspired air

A

Contains less oxygen
Contains more carbon dioxide
Contains more water vapour
Is warmer (or at same temp as that of body)
May hv some bacteria

105
Q

What effect does altitude have on breathing

A

As we go higher up the air we breathe in decreases in pressure, accompanied by a gradual decrease in oxygen content.

106
Q

At what height do we feel what effects of the lack of oxygen due to increase in altitude

A

4500 metres above sea level.
One may suffer from air sickness in which lack of oxygen leads to dizziness, unsteady vision, loss of hearing, lack of muscular coordination and even complete blackouts.

107
Q

What are the 2 conditions caused by lack of oxygen

A

Hypoxia
Asphyxiation

108
Q

What is Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues

109
Q

What is Asphyxiation

A

Condition in which blood becomes more venous by accumulation of more carbon dioxide and the oxygen supply is diminished.

110
Q

Hypoxia causes

A

Due to sitting for long hours in a crowded room with poor ventilation.
It may also be experienced at high altitude where the oxygen count of the air is low.

111
Q

Asphyxiation causes and effects

A

This may result due to several causes like strangulation, drowning or any obstruction in the respiratory tract.

Death follows if the cause is not taken care of quickly.
Artificial respiration is helpful in certain cases.

112
Q

What does the experiment of a bell jar with a rubber sheet tied around the bottom edge demonstrate

A

Action of diaphragm during breathing.

113
Q

What does rubber sheet tied around the bottom edge of the bell jar represent

A

Diaphragm

114
Q

What do the balloons represent

A

The 2 lungs

115
Q

What does the bell jar represent

A

Rib cage (tentative)

116
Q

Look at the bell jar experiment, alveolus to draw, all the diagrams to label

A

Done okay 💋🥳🎀😘🤪😎

117
Q

Look at the bell jar experiment, alveolus to draw, all the diagrams to label

A

Done okay 💋🥳🎀😘🤪😎

Biology (4 decks)

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