Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Define respiration
A
The biochemical process of releasing energy by breaking down glucose for carrying out life processes.
2
Q
Equation for respiration
A
C6H12O6 + 602 â> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
3
Q
What type of respiration is depicted in the overall equation?
Why?
A
Cellular (or tissue) respiration.
It occurs inside every living cell.
4
Q
Does the breakdown of glucose occur in a single step
A
No.
Series of chemical steps.
Some occur in the cytoplasm of the cell
Some in mitocnondria
5
Q
Why does each breakdown step happen
A
Due to a particular enzyme
6
Q
The energy liberated in the breakdown of the glucose molecule is in the form of
A
A large part of it is converted into ATP (38 molecules)
Some is in the form of heat
7
Q
What is ADP
A
Adenosine diphosphate.
When energy in form of ATP is used it is converted into ADP.
Again when more energy is available in the form of glucose ADP is reconverted to ATP and so it goes on.
8
Q
ADP full form
A
Adenosine diphosphate
9
Q
ATP full form
A
Adenosine triphosphate
10
Q
38 molecules of ATP are yielded on
A
Complete oxidisation of one glucose mole
11
Q
Why is ATP called the energy currency inside the cell
A
It stores and releases energy in a form cells can readily use.
One mole of glucose on complete oxidisation yields 38 molecules of ATP.
12
Q
Do the essential steps of cellular respiration differ between plants and animals?
A
No
13
Q
Name 4 reasons we need energy
A
- Synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
- Production of enzymes
- Contraction of muscles for movement
- Conduction of electrical impulse in a nerve cell
- Production of new cells by cell division
- In keeping the body warm (in warm blooded animals ie birds and mammals)
14
Q
What needs more energy plants or animals?
A
Animals
15
Q
Why is the need for production of energy greater in animals?
A
Bc they consume more energy doing physical work
They have to move about to obtain food/run away from enemies
Chew food, look after eggs/young ones etc.
16
Q
Which animals need more energy and why?
A
Birds and animals as they need to produce lots of heat to keep the body warm.
This heat comes through cellular respiration and the amount required to keep our body warm is a lot.
17
Q
Which cells in order produce most heat
A
Liver cells, muscle cells
18
Q
Which cells in order produce most heat
A
Liver cells, muscle cells
19
Q
Why do we shiver and clatter our teeth?
A
When we feel too cold we do so as it is an emergency activity of the muscle cells to produce extra cells to keep the body warm.
20
Q
What happens if glucose is not available directly
A
The cells will break down proteins or fats to produce glucose for respiratory needs
21
Q
How do flesh eaters obtain glucose
A
Their diet is mainly proten w very Lil carbs.
The excess amino acids absorbed through protein digestion are broken down in liver to produce glucose and the nitrogenous part is converted into urea which gets excreted out.
The glucose produced can be used immediately on can be stored in liver cells for future use as glycogen.
Similar process happens in humans if we have excessively protein rich food.
22
Q
2 types of respiration
A
Aerobic (uses oxygen)
Anaerobic (doesnât use oxygen)
23
Q
Example of organism conducting anaerobic respiration
A
Tapeworms living inside the human intestines
In our own body in the fast working skeletal muscles temporarily during continuous physical exercise like running or swimming. Our muscles work fast but donât get lots of oxygen.
Muscles are working in absence of oxygen to provide extra energy.
24
Q
What is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans
A
Lactic acid
25
Explain oxygen debt
When we are doing strenuous exercise our fast working skeletal muscles are working too fast but don't get enough oxygen.
That is the muscles are working in the absence of oxygen to provide extra energy that is conducting anaerobic respiration.
The product of this is lactic acid and it's accumulation causes a feeling of fatigue.
This is a condition called oxygen debt. When you rest after exercise lactic acid slowly gets oxidised by the later available oxygen and the debt is cleared producing carbon dioxide in the process.
26
Are the chemical changes taking place in aerobic respiration in animals and plants same
Yes
27
How many grams in a mol of glucose/how many grams shld be oxidised to give 38 ATP
180
28
What is the anaerobic respiration equation
C6h1206 ---enzymes--> lactic acid + 2 ATP + heat energy
29
Characteristics of anaerobic respiration
Slow process
Reaction can't continue for long as product lactic acid has toxic effect on cells causing muscle fatigue and aches
No CO2 produced
Total energy released per mole of glucose is v less compared to aerobic
30
Difference btwn anaerobic respiration in plants and animals
Plants:
Products of glucose break down are ethanol and CO2
Heat energy released is more
Animals:
Lactic acid only product
Heat energy released is less
31
What are the 4 parts of respiration
Breathing
Gaseous transport
Tissue respiration
Cellular respiration
32
Breathing
Physical process in which atmospheric air is taken in and forced out of the oxygen absorbing organs the lungs
33
Gaseous transport
Oxygen absorbed by blood in lungs is carried by RBCS as oxyhaemoglobin throughout the body by means of arteries.
34
CO2 from tissues is transported into lungs by blood in which 2 ways by veins
1. as bicarbonates dissolved in plasma
2. In combination with the haemoglobin of Rbcs as
Carbamino haemoglobin
35
Tissue respiration
The terminal blood vessels that is the capillaries deliver the oxygen to the body cells/tissues where oxygen diffuses through their thin walls similarly capillaries pick up CO2 released by them.
36
Cellular respiration
The complex chemical changes occurring inside the cell to release energy from glucose
37
What are the 2 phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)
Krebs cycle (in mitochondria)
38
Location of glycolysis
In cytoplasm outside mitochondria
39
Krebs cycle location
Inside mitochondria
40
In glycolysis what breakdowns into what
Glucose into pyruvic acid then ethanol in plants or lactic acid in animals
41
What breakdowns into what in Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid/lacticic acid breaks down to produce ATP and CO2
42
Glycolysis Krebs cycle aerobic anaerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
43
How much energy released in glycolysis
No energy released
44
How much energy is produced in Krebs cycle
Much energy
45
What is function of oxygen
To remove the H+ ions released in Krebs cycle by forming water
46
What does respiratory organs consist of
Air passages
Nose pharynx larynx
Trachea bronchi
47
Nose
External part bears 2 nostrils separated by cartilaginous septum.
Hairs present in nostrils prevent large particles from entering the system.
2 nostrils open into pair of nasal chambers.
48
Inner lining of nasal chambers perform what functions
Mucous secretion entraps harmful particles
Warms air as it passes over
Adds moisture to air.
49
Additional functions of nose
Smell. Sensory cells of smell are located in a special pocket situated high up in nasal chambers.
50
Pharynx
Nasal chambers open at back into a wide cavity called the pharynx situated at base of mouth.
It is a common passage for air and food.
Leads into air tube called trachea or windpipe and oesophagus food tube located dorsally behind trachea.
51
What happens to oesophagus when not in use
Partially collapsed due to soft walls
52
Epiglottis
Entry to trachea is guarded by flap called epiglottis
It closes at time of swallowing food.
Incomplete closure of epiglottis during swallowing is called cough.
53
Larynx aka
Adams apple and voice box
54
Describe larynx
Hollow cartilaginous structure located at start of trachea (wind pipe)
When we swallow something this part rises and falls.
55
Larynx contains
2 ligamentous folds called vocal cords.
Air expelled forcibly through these vibrates them producing sound.
By adjusting the distance between the two chords and their tension by means of attached muscles a range of sounds can be produced.
56
What's voice
Sound produced by vocal chords of larynx
57
What's speech
Character given to voice by the complex movements of lips cheeks tongue and jaws. It consists of words or syllables and it is a speciality of only human species.
58
Trachea aka
Windpipe
59
Trachea
Emerges from larynx (voice box) down below in neck where it's partly covered by thyroid gland.
Walls are strengthened by c shaped rings of cartilage, the incomplete part of these rings being on the back
60
C shaped ring of cartilage function
Keep trachea distended (open) permanently
Provide flexibility
61
Where does trachea divide into which two thbes
Close to lungs
Bronchi
62
Bronchi
Each bronchus enters their respective lung.
On entering each bronchus divides into fine secondary bronchi which divide into finer tertiary bronchi.
The cartilaginous rings like those present on trachea are also present on smaller bronchi to keep them distended.
63
Bronchioles
Are the still finer tubes of tertiary bronchi.
Acquire diameter of abt 1mm and are without cartilage rings.
By repeated branching, the bronchioles ultimately end in a cluster of tiny sir chambers called alveoli the air sacs.
64
Describe the alveolus (plural alveoli)
By repeated branching the bronchioles ultimately end in a cluster of tiny air chambers called the alveoli.
A network of blood capillaries surrounds the wall of each alveolus.
The walls of the alveoli are v thin, one cell thick.
This is to allow gaseous diffusion through them. Oxygen from air first dissolves in a thin layer of water/fluid that covers the surface of alveoli.
65
How do the lungs provide an enormous surface area?
The number of alveoli in the 2 lungs in an adult human is about 700 million.
Total surface area of alveoli is about 70 square metres (nearly equal to the area of a tennis court or nearly 100 times the surface of the skin).
66
What is the protective lining of respiratory passage
Ciliated epithelium
67
Which organs inner lining is formed of the ciliated epithelium?
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
68
What is the function of the cilia
During lifetime the cilia are constantly in motion driving any fluid (mucus) that is on them and any particles that may have come in with the air towards the mouth.
69
The lungs describe in 2 words,
What are the formed by
Pair of spongy and elastic organs formed by the air sacs, their connecting bronchioles, blood vessels etcm
70
The lungs (detailed)
The two lungs are roughly cone shaped, tapering at the top and broad at the bottom.
The left lung has 2 lobes while the right lung has 3.
The left lung is slightly smaller to accommodate the heart between.
71
Each lung is covered by which 2 membranes?
Inner (visceral) pleura
Outer (parietal) pleura
72
Which fluid is found between the two membranes of the lungs where
Pleural fluid, a watery fluid in the pleural cavity found between the two membranes that cover each lung.
73
Visceral (inner) pleura and Parietal (outer) pleura function
Provides lubrication for free movement of the expanding and contracting of lungs.
74
What occupies the greater part of the thoracic cavity
Lungs
75
Where are the lungs located in thoracic cavity
Close to the inner surface of the thoracic wall and their lower bases closely rest on the diaphragm
76
What pumps deoxygenated blood into what
Right auricle pumps deoxygenated lood received from body into right ventricle
77
Differentiate between respiration and breathing
Realisation is a broader term which includes intaking air (oxygen) and it's utilisation in the cells of the body to produce energy.
Breathing is simply a mechanical process of inhaling and exhaling the air, it's a muscular process.
Respiration includes breathing, breathing doesn't include respiration.
78
3 components of respiratory cycle
Inspiration (breathing in)
Expiration (breathing out)
V short respiratory pause
79
In normal adults breathing rate
12 to 18 breathe per minute
80
How many times does a newborn breathe per minute
60 times
81
How does CO2 affect the rate of breathing
Slight increase in CO2 content in blood increases the breathing rate
82
Inspiration is a result of what
Increase in the size of the thoracic cavity
83
What 2 organs cause inspiration
Combined action of ribs and diaphragm
84
What happens to ribs to cause inspiration
They move upwards and outwards due to the contraction of the external intercostal muscles stretched between them, this enlarging the chest cavity all around.
85
The contraction of which muscles causes respiration and which muscles stay relaxed
External intercostal muscles that are stretched between them
Internal intercostal muscles stay relaxed
86
What is the diaphragm and where is it situated
A sheet of muscular tissue
Situated towards the base of the lungs
87
How is the diaphragm normally
Normally remains arches upward like a dome
88
What does the diaphragm do in inspiration
It contracts and flattens from the dome shaped outline to an almost flattened plane and thus contributes to the enlargement of the chest cavity lengthwise.
As the diaphragm flattens, it presses the organs inside the abdomen and with the abdominal muscles relaxed, the abdominal wall moves outwards leading to increase in the volume of chest cavity and decrease in pressure
89
Abdominal wall moving outwards causes
Increase in volume of chest cavity
Decrease of pressure
90
What happens due to decreased pressure inside the lungs
It draws the air inward. The outside air being at a greater pressure rushes in to equalise the pressure
91
What happens to pressure when thoracic (chest) cavity increases in size
Internal pressure is decreased.
Lungs expand hence pressure in lungs is lowered below atmospheric pressure
92
Expiration is result of
Reverse movements of ribs and diaphragm
93
What relaxes in expiration
Intercostal muscles relax and hence ribs move automatically
Diaphragm is relaxed and moves upwards to its dome like outline
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases and lungs and compressed forcing the air out in the atmosphere
94
What happens when we breath forcibly or naturally during intense physical exercise
The internal intercostal muscles also contract causing further contraction of the rib cage to expel out more air for larger intake of oxygen
95
When do the internal intercostal muscles also contract
When we breathe out forcibly
Or naturally during intense physical exercise
96
What is tissue/internal respiration
The process by which the cells of the body use the oxygen to oxidise the food and release energy.
97
What is the waste product of breakdown of glucose molecule
How is it sent out
Co2
In respiration
98
What controls the breathing movements
Respiratory centre
99
Where is the Respiratory centre located
In the medulla oblongata of the brain
100
What stimulates the Respiratory centre
The carbon dioxide content of the blood
101
Are the breathing movements involuntary or voluntary
Normally they are not under the control of our will ie they are involuntary
To some extent we can consciously increase or decrease the rate and extent of breathing
If u forcibly hold ur breath a stage wld come when u cannot hold it any longer
102
*True or false?*
The air inside the lungs is replaced completely.
False. It is never replaced completely. It is always a mixture of the air left inside and the aid inspired.
103
What is happening to the air in the lungs with every what
Becoming better and worse
With every inspiration and expiration
104
Expired air as compared to inspired air
Contains less oxygen
Contains more carbon dioxide
Contains more water vapour
Is warmer (or at same temp as that of body)
May hv some bacteria
105
What effect does altitude have on breathing
As we go higher up the air we breathe in decreases in pressure, accompanied by a gradual decrease in oxygen content.
106
At what height do we feel what effects of the lack of oxygen due to increase in altitude
4500 metres above sea level.
One may suffer from air sickness in which lack of oxygen leads to dizziness, unsteady vision, loss of hearing, lack of muscular coordination and even complete blackouts.
107
What are the 2 conditions caused by lack of oxygen
Hypoxia
Asphyxiation
108
What is Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues
109
What is Asphyxiation
Condition in which blood becomes more venous by accumulation of more carbon dioxide and the oxygen supply is diminished.
110
Hypoxia causes
Due to sitting for long hours in a crowded room with poor ventilation.
It may also be experienced at high altitude where the oxygen count of the air is low.
111
Asphyxiation causes and effects
This may result due to several causes like strangulation, drowning or any obstruction in the respiratory tract.
Death follows if the cause is not taken care of quickly.
Artificial respiration is helpful in certain cases.
112
What does the experiment of a bell jar with a rubber sheet tied around the bottom edge demonstrate
Action of diaphragm during breathing.
113
What does rubber sheet tied around the bottom edge of the bell jar represent
Diaphragm
114
What do the balloons represent
The 2 lungs
115
What does the bell jar represent
Rib cage (tentative)
116
Look at the bell jar experiment, alveolus to draw, all the diagrams to label
Done okay ððĨģðððĪŠð
117
Look at the bell jar experiment, alveolus to draw, all the diagrams to label
Done okay ððĨģðððĪŠð
