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Biology > Skeleton - Movement And Locomotion > Flashcards

Skeleton - Movement And Locomotion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are most animals characterised by?

A

A definite shape
Capacity for movement of different parts of body which help in locomotion

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2
Q

What is locomotion

A

Movement from place to place

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3
Q

Write 4 functions of the human skeleton

A

Support and Shape : provides a framework to all the soft parts of body and gives the body and its parts a definite shape
Protection : delicate and important organs are well protected by a caring of bones. The skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the ribs protect the heart and lungs
The bones are a storehouse of calcium and phosphorus for the rest of the body
Blood cells including Rbcs and Wbcs are formed in the tissue of the central hollow space or the marrow of some long bones like femur

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4
Q

What does the skeleton consist of

A

Bone - hard framework
Cartilage - supports and connects
Ligaments - bind the bones

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5
Q

Location of cartilage

A

The tip of nose
Supporting the projecting external ears

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6
Q

4 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular bones

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7
Q

Long bones

A

Consist of a shaft with a knob at each end
Shaft is thick walled, tubular and filled with yellow marrow
Spongy ends
Eg: bones of arms, legs and ribs

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8
Q

Short bones

A

Box like
Spongy bone
Show little movement
Eg: angle, wrist

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9
Q

Flat bones

A

Composed of 2 or more parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

Eg: shoulder blade, skull, sternum

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shape
Amount of bone tissue varies
Compact and spongy
Eg: facial bones, vertebral bones

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11
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shape
Amount of bone tissue varies
Compact and spongy
Eg: facial bones, vertebral bones

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12
Q

What type of bone : Bones of arms and legs

A

Long bones

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13
Q

What type of bone : bones of ribs

A

Long bones

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14
Q

What type of bone : Facial bones

A

Irregular

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15
Q

What type of bone :

A

Facial bones

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16
Q

What type of bone : Ankle, wrist

A

Short bone

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17
Q

What type of bone : skull

A

Flat bone

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18
Q

What type of bone : shoulder blade

A

Flat

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19
Q

What type of bone : vertebral bones

A

Irregular

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20
Q

What type of bone : sternum

A

Flat

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21
Q

How many bones in human skeleton

A

206

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22
Q

How many bones in each ear

A

3 very tiny bones

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23
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton

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24
Q

Main components of axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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25
Q

Skull components main

A

Cranium (incl foramen Magnum and back part)
Face (incl upper and lower jaw)

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26
Q

Skull is the skeleton of the

A

Head

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27
Q

The brain box

A

Cranium

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28
Q

How many bones in the cranium

A

8

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29
Q

Bones in face

A

14

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30
Q

What is the whole in the back part of the cranium

A

Foramen Magnum

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen Magnum

A

It is a large hole in the back part of the cranium through which the spinal cord after emerging from the brain continues back into the vertebral column

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32
Q

How many bones in vertebral column individual

A

33

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33
Q

How many fused bones in the vertebral column

A

26

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34
Q

What are the bones called in the vertebral column called in one word?

A

Ring like vertebrae

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35
Q

5 divisions of vertebrae in order along with numbers of vertebrae

A

Cervical vertebrae - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5 (fused into one)
Coccyx - 4 (fused into one)

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36
Q

What is centrum of vertebra

A

Each vertebra is a somewhat ring like in structure. It’s lower part (front in actual position in the human body) is formed of a solid cylinder of bone called centrum, the body of vertebra.

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37
Q

Describe the centrum

A

The 2 opposite ends of it are flat.
On its dorsal side is a neural canal.
It is formed by the union of 2 neural arches arising from the sides of the centrum.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.
Neural spine is a flat longitudinal ridge projecting upward from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.
Transverse processes are thick sideways projections from the neural arches.
The neural arches also have articular facets one in front and one behind on either side which help to join 2 vertebrae one behind the other.
A pad of cartilage intervertebratal disc or gristle forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae.

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38
Q

Neural canal

A

On the dorsal side of the centrum is a canal called the neural canal formed by the union of 2 neural arches.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.

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39
Q

Neural spine

A

Flat longitudinal ridge projecting upward from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.

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40
Q

Articular facets

A

The neural arches bear articular facets, one in front, one in behind on either side which help to join the two vertebrae one behind the other.

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41
Q

Invertabral disc

A

A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae

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42
Q

Gristle

A

A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae

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43
Q

A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae

A

Invertabral disc/gristle

44
Q

Describe the structure of vertebra

A

Each vertebra is a somewhat ring like structure.
It’s lower part which is the front in the actual position of the body is formed of a solid cylinder of bone called centrum (the body of the vertebra).
The 2 opposite ends of the centrum are flat.
On the dorsal side of the centrum is a canal called neural canal.
It is formed by the union of 2 neural arches arising from the sides of the centrum.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.
Neural spine is a flat longitudinal ridge projecting from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.
Transverse processes are thick sideways projections from the neural arches.
The neural arches also bear articular facets (one in front and one behind on either side) which help in joining the 2 vertebrae one behind the other.
A pad of cartilage called the intervertabral disc or gristle forms a kind of cushion between 2 vertebrae.

45
Q

First cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas

46
Q

Axis

A

2nd cervical vertebrae

47
Q

Special characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A

Long neural spines directed backwards
Each transverse process has a fact for articulation with the tubercle of the rib on its extremity.

48
Q

Lumbar vertebrae special characteristics

A

Well developed neural spines and transverse processes
For attachment of powerful back muscles

49
Q

Sacrum

A

Large bone formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae. Hip bones are articulated on its either side.

50
Q

Coccyx

A

Last part of the backbone.
It is made of 4 fused vertebrae which represent the rudimentary tail of the human body.
Sometimes babies are born with a small tail which docs remove usuallym

51
Q

Sternum

A

Long flat bone lying in the middle of the front part of the chest

52
Q

Breast bone

A

Sternum

53
Q

How many ribs constitute the rib cage

A

12 pairs

54
Q

What constitutes rib cage

A

12 pairs ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum

55
Q

True ribs are which? Why?

A

First 7 pairs of ribs.
They are attached in front to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage.

56
Q

What cartilage attaches ribs to sternum?

A

Hyaline

57
Q

Hyaline cartilage attaches ribs to what?

A

Sternum

58
Q

What is special abt the 8th 9th and 10th rib

A

Don’t articulate directly with sternum but join the seventh rib with the help of hyaline cartilage.

59
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs

A

11th and 12th

60
Q

What are the 11th and 12th ribs floating ribs

A

They are not attached to sternum

61
Q

Name the two divisions of Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of limbs
Girdles

62
Q

Bones of forelimbs correspond to

A

Those of hind limbs

63
Q

The forelimbs consist of

A

Single long humerus in upper arm
Two long bones in lower arm :
1) radius on side of thumb
2) ulna
8 carpals (wrist bones) in wrist
5 metacarpsls in palm
14 phalanges - 2 in thumb 3 in each remaining four fingers

64
Q

What bone is on side of thumb

A

Radius

65
Q

How many carpals in wrist

A

8

66
Q

How many metacarpels in the palm

A

5

67
Q

What are wrist bones called

A

Carpals

68
Q

Longest bone in human body

A

Femur

69
Q

Thigh bone

A

Femur

70
Q

Strongest bone of body

A

Femur

71
Q

Bones in hind limbs

A

Long bones femur in thigh
2 long bones inner tibia outer fibula in shank
7 tarsal bones in ankle
5 long metatarsal bones in middle of foot
14 phalanges (2 in greater toe, 3 in other four toes)
Patella knee cap joined to lower end of femur
Knee cap is a bone developed from a tendon

72
Q

What is knee cap developed from, where is it

A

Tendon, in hind limbs joined to lower end of femur which is in the thigh.

73
Q

Parts of skeleton that help to articulate the limb bones to the axial skeleton (main)

A

Girdles

74
Q

Which 2 girdles are there

A

Pectoral (shoulder) pelvic (hip)

75
Q

Pectoral girdle aka

A

Shoulder girdle

76
Q

Pectoral girdle consists of

A

2 flat triangular scapula (shoulder blade) which lie dorsally on the upper ribs on either side of the vertebral column in thoracic region.
Outer apex bears a large somewhat cup shaped cavity into which the rounder uppernywad of humerus first.
Close to this the shoulder blade has a small raised part to which a long and curved clavicle (collar bone) is attached.
The other end of collar bone is joined to uppermost part of sternum

77
Q

What is glenoid cavity

A

The outer apex of the shoulder girdle bears a large somewhat cup shaped glenoid cavity into which fits the rounded upper head of the humerus.

78
Q

Clavicle is joined to

A

1 end - uppermost part of sternum
Other end - close to the joint where the rounded upper head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity.

79
Q

Hip girdle aka

A

Pelvic girdle

80
Q

What is the pelvic girdle

A

Large trough shaped part formed by two hip bones that are joined medially to the sacrum

81
Q

Each hip bone is made up of

A

3 fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

82
Q

On each side hip bones bears

A

Large cup shaped cavity (acetabulum) into which fits the large round head of thigh bone.

83
Q

Acetabulum

A

A large cup shaped articular cavity borne by hip bone on its either side. The large round head of the femur fits here

84
Q

Functions of hip girdle

A

1) gives support to the skeleton of the hind limbs
2) protects and supports the abdominal organs

85
Q

Difference between male and female skeleton

A

Male skeleton is gen larger and heavier.
In female skeleton pelvis or hip bone is wider and trough shaped to accommodate foetus in the uterus during pregnancy.

86
Q

Hip bone is wider in females why?

A

It is wider and trough shaped to adapt for accommodating the foetus during pregnancy.

87
Q

Define joint

A

The point at which 2 separate bones meet is called a joint

88
Q

What are the 3 major categories of joints in our body?

A

Immovable, partially movable and freely movable.

89
Q

Give an example of immovable joint

A

Structures btwn the bones of the cranium

90
Q

What is an immovable joint?

A

In this type of joint joint no movement is possible between two bones.

91
Q

What are partially movable joints?

A

Here only very Lil (partial) Movement occurs between the 2 bones

92
Q

Partially movable joint examples

A

The joint between rib and sternum
Between the vertebrae

93
Q

What are freely movable joinrs

A

In this type of joint varying degrees of movement are possible between the 2 bones forming the joint.

94
Q

4 major types of freely movable joints

A

Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint

95
Q

Gliding joint examples

A

Btwn bones of the wrist
That of anke
Between vertebrae

96
Q

What is pivot joint + examples

A

1 bone is rotated over a pivot like end of another bone
Example skull is rotated on upper end of axis vertebra

97
Q

Hinge joint + example

A

This joint moves like a hinge in 1 plane only just like the hinge of a door.
Usually give sufficient power.
Ex: elbow joint btwn humerus and ulna, joints between bones of fingers and the toes and less perfectly the knee joint.

98
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

1 end of bone which is rounded and ball like fits into a cup like depression of another bone.
The joint provides movement in any direction.

99
Q

Ball and socket joint examples

A

Shoulder joint: head of humerus fits into socket - glenoid cavity of shoulder girdle.

Hip joint: large ball like head of femur fits into the deep socket acetabulum of the hip girdle.

100
Q

Synovial joint

A

The freely movable joints are also known as synovial joint.
They allow for a considerable degree of movement.

101
Q

Requirements for synovial joint.

A

Firstly, they should be held firmly in position
Secondly, the surfaces coming into contact should be well lubricated to remove friction.

102
Q

Requirements for synovial joint.

A

Firstly, they should be held firmly in position
Secondly, the surfaces coming into contact should be well lubricated to remove friction.

103
Q

What is the lubricating fluid called

A

Whenever it occurs it’s called synovial fluid. (Hence name synovial joint.)

104
Q

Synovial joint example

A

The knee joint.
Held in position by strong ligaments, well protected by outer fiber capsule.
Ligaments prevent dislocation in normal Movement.
Synovial fluid is contained in a sac formed of v thin synovial membrane.
Sac serves as cushion btwn the bones.

105
Q

Synovial joint example

A

The knee joint.
Held in position by strong ligaments, well protected by outer fiber capsule.
Ligaments prevent dislocation in normal Movement.
Synovial fluid is contained in a sac formed of v thin synovial membrane.
Sac serves as cushion btwn the bones.

Biology (6 decks)

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