Skeleton - Movement And Locomotion Flashcards
1
Q
What are most animals characterised by?
A
A definite shape
Capacity for movement of different parts of body which help in locomotion
2
Q
What is locomotion
A
Movement from place to place
3
Q
Write 4 functions of the human skeleton
A
Support and Shape : provides a framework to all the soft parts of body and gives the body and its parts a definite shape
Protection : delicate and important organs are well protected by a caring of bones. The skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the ribs protect the heart and lungs
The bones are a storehouse of calcium and phosphorus for the rest of the body
Blood cells including Rbcs and Wbcs are formed in the tissue of the central hollow space or the marrow of some long bones like femur
4
Q
What does the skeleton consist of
A
Bone - hard framework
Cartilage - supports and connects
Ligaments - bind the bones
5
Q
Location of cartilage
A
The tip of nose
Supporting the projecting external ears
6
Q
4 types of bones
A
Long, short, flat, irregular bones
7
Q
Long bones
A
Consist of a shaft with a knob at each end
Shaft is thick walled, tubular and filled with yellow marrow
Spongy ends
Eg: bones of arms, legs and ribs
8
Q
Short bones
A
Box like
Spongy bone
Show little movement
Eg: angle, wrist
9
Q
Flat bones
A
Composed of 2 or more parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone
Eg: shoulder blade, skull, sternum
10
Q
Irregular bones
A
Complex shape
Amount of bone tissue varies
Compact and spongy
Eg: facial bones, vertebral bones
11
Q
Irregular bones
A
Complex shape
Amount of bone tissue varies
Compact and spongy
Eg: facial bones, vertebral bones
12
Q
What type of bone : Bones of arms and legs
A
Long bones
13
Q
What type of bone : bones of ribs
A
Long bones
14
Q
What type of bone : Facial bones
A
Irregular
15
Q
What type of bone :
A
Facial bones
16
Q
What type of bone : Ankle, wrist
A
Short bone
17
Q
What type of bone : skull
A
Flat bone
18
Q
What type of bone : shoulder blade
A
Flat
19
Q
What type of bone : vertebral bones
A
Irregular
20
Q
What type of bone : sternum
A
Flat
21
Q
How many bones in human skeleton
A
206
22
Q
How many bones in each ear
A
3 very tiny bones
23
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton?
A
Axial skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton
24
Q
Main components of axial skeleton
A
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
25
Skull components main
Cranium (incl foramen Magnum and back part)
Face (incl upper and lower jaw)
26
Skull is the skeleton of the
Head
27
The brain box
Cranium
28
How many bones in the cranium
8
29
Bones in face
14
30
What is the whole in the back part of the cranium
Foramen Magnum
31
What is the purpose of the foramen Magnum
It is a large hole in the back part of the cranium through which the spinal cord after emerging from the brain continues back into the vertebral column
32
How many bones in vertebral column individual
33
33
How many fused bones in the vertebral column
26
34
What are the bones called in the vertebral column called in one word?
Ring like vertebrae
35
5 divisions of vertebrae in order along with numbers of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5 (fused into one)
Coccyx - 4 (fused into one)
36
What is centrum of vertebra
Each vertebra is a somewhat ring like in structure. It's lower part (front in actual position in the human body) is formed of a solid cylinder of bone called centrum, the body of vertebra.
37
Describe the centrum
The 2 opposite ends of it are flat.
On its dorsal side is a neural canal.
It is formed by the union of 2 neural arches arising from the sides of the centrum.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.
Neural spine is a flat longitudinal ridge projecting upward from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.
Transverse processes are thick sideways projections from the neural arches.
The neural arches also have articular facets one in front and one behind on either side which help to join 2 vertebrae one behind the other.
A pad of cartilage intervertebratal disc or gristle forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae.
38
Neural canal
On the dorsal side of the centrum is a canal called the neural canal formed by the union of 2 neural arches.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.
39
Neural spine
Flat longitudinal ridge projecting upward from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.
40
Articular facets
The neural arches bear articular facets, one in front, one in behind on either side which help to join the two vertebrae one behind the other.
41
Invertabral disc
A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae
42
Gristle
A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae
43
A pad of cartilage that forms a kind of cushion between two vertebrae
Invertabral disc/gristle
44
Describe the structure of vertebra
Each vertebra is a somewhat **ring like structure.**
It's lower part which is the front in the actual position of the body is formed of a solid cylinder of bone called **centrum** (the body of the vertebra).
The 2 opposite ends of the centrum are flat.
On the dorsal side of the centrum is a canal called **neural canal.**
It is formed by the union of **2 neural arches** arising from the sides of the centrum.
In natural position the spinal cord runs through this neural canal.
**Neural spine** is a flat longitudinal ridge projecting from the meeting point of the 2 neural arches.
**Transverse processes** are thick sideways projections from the neural arches.
The neural arches also bear **articular facets** (one in front and one behind on either side) which help in joining the 2 vertebrae one behind the other.
A pad of cartilage called the **intervertabral disc** or **gristle** forms a kind of cushion between 2 vertebrae.
45
First cervical vertebrae
Atlas
46
Axis
2nd cervical vertebrae
47
Special characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
Long neural spines directed backwards
Each transverse process has a fact for articulation with the tubercle of the rib on its extremity.
48
Lumbar vertebrae special characteristics
Well developed neural spines and transverse processes
For attachment of powerful back muscles
49
Sacrum
Large bone formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae. Hip bones are articulated on its either side.
50
Coccyx
Last part of the backbone.
It is made of 4 fused vertebrae which represent the rudimentary tail of the human body.
Sometimes babies are born with a small tail which docs remove usuallym
51
Sternum
Long flat bone lying in the middle of the front part of the chest
52
Breast bone
Sternum
53
How many ribs constitute the rib cage
12 pairs
54
What constitutes rib cage
12 pairs ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
55
True ribs are which? Why?
First 7 pairs of ribs.
They are attached in front to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage.
56
What cartilage attaches ribs to sternum?
Hyaline
57
Hyaline cartilage attaches ribs to what?
Sternum
58
What is special abt the 8th 9th and 10th rib
Don't articulate directly with sternum but join the seventh rib with the help of hyaline cartilage.
59
Which ribs are floating ribs
11th and 12th
60
What are the 11th and 12th ribs floating ribs
They are not attached to sternum
61
Name the two divisions of Appendicular skeleton
Bones of limbs
Girdles
62
Bones of forelimbs correspond to
Those of hind limbs
63
The forelimbs consist of
Single long humerus in upper arm
Two long bones in lower arm :
1) radius on side of thumb
2) ulna
8 carpals (wrist bones) in wrist
5 metacarpsls in palm
14 phalanges - 2 in thumb 3 in each remaining four fingers
64
What bone is on side of thumb
Radius
65
How many carpals in wrist
8
66
How many metacarpels in the palm
5
67
What are wrist bones called
Carpals
68
Longest bone in human body
Femur
69
Thigh bone
Femur
70
Strongest bone of body
Femur
71
Bones in hind limbs
Long bones femur in thigh
2 long bones inner tibia outer fibula in shank
7 tarsal bones in ankle
5 long metatarsal bones in middle of foot
14 phalanges (2 in greater toe, 3 in other four toes)
Patella knee cap joined to lower end of femur
Knee cap is a bone developed from a tendon
72
What is knee cap developed from, where is it
Tendon, in hind limbs joined to lower end of femur which is in the thigh.
73
Parts of skeleton that help to articulate the limb bones to the axial skeleton (main)
Girdles
74
Which 2 girdles are there
Pectoral (shoulder) pelvic (hip)
75
Pectoral girdle aka
Shoulder girdle
76
Pectoral girdle consists of
2 flat triangular scapula (shoulder blade) which lie dorsally on the upper ribs on either side of the vertebral column in thoracic region.
Outer apex bears a large somewhat cup shaped cavity into which the rounder uppernywad of humerus first.
Close to this the shoulder blade has a small raised part to which a long and curved clavicle (collar bone) is attached.
The other end of collar bone is joined to uppermost part of sternum
77
What is glenoid cavity
The outer apex of the shoulder girdle bears a large somewhat cup shaped glenoid cavity into which fits the rounded upper head of the humerus.
78
Clavicle is joined to
1 end - uppermost part of sternum
Other end - close to the joint where the rounded upper head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity.
79
Hip girdle aka
Pelvic girdle
80
What is the pelvic girdle
Large trough shaped part formed by two hip bones that are joined medially to the sacrum
81
Each hip bone is made up of
3 fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
82
On each side hip bones bears
Large cup shaped cavity (acetabulum) into which fits the large round head of thigh bone.
83
Acetabulum
A large cup shaped articular cavity borne by hip bone on its either side. The large round head of the femur fits here
84
Functions of hip girdle
1) gives support to the skeleton of the hind limbs
2) protects and supports the abdominal organs
85
Difference between male and female skeleton
Male skeleton is gen larger and heavier.
In female skeleton pelvis or hip bone is wider and trough shaped to accommodate foetus in the uterus during pregnancy.
86
Hip bone is wider in females why?
It is wider and trough shaped to adapt for accommodating the foetus during pregnancy.
87
Define joint
The point at which 2 separate bones meet is called a joint
88
What are the 3 major categories of joints in our body?
Immovable, partially movable and freely movable.
89
Give an example of immovable joint
Structures btwn the bones of the cranium
90
What is an immovable joint?
In this type of joint joint no movement is possible between two bones.
91
What are partially movable joints?
Here only very Lil (partial) Movement occurs between the 2 bones
92
Partially movable joint examples
The joint between rib and sternum
Between the vertebrae
93
What are freely movable joinrs
In this type of joint varying degrees of movement are possible between the 2 bones forming the joint.
94
4 major types of freely movable joints
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint
95
Gliding joint examples
Btwn bones of the wrist
That of anke
Between vertebrae
96
What is pivot joint + examples
1 bone is rotated over a pivot like end of another bone
Example skull is rotated on upper end of axis vertebra
97
Hinge joint + example
This joint moves like a hinge in 1 plane only just like the hinge of a door.
Usually give sufficient power.
Ex: elbow joint btwn humerus and ulna, joints between bones of fingers and the toes and less perfectly the knee joint.
98
Ball and socket joint
1 end of bone which is rounded and ball like fits into a cup like depression of another bone.
The joint provides movement in any direction.
99
Ball and socket joint examples
Shoulder joint: head of humerus fits into socket - glenoid cavity of shoulder girdle.
Hip joint: large ball like head of femur fits into the deep socket acetabulum of the hip girdle.
100
Synovial joint
The freely movable joints are also known as synovial joint.
They allow for a considerable degree of movement.
101
Requirements for synovial joint.
Firstly, they should be held firmly in position
Secondly, the surfaces coming into contact should be well lubricated to remove friction.
102
Requirements for synovial joint.
Firstly, they should be held firmly in position
Secondly, the surfaces coming into contact should be well lubricated to remove friction.
103
What is the lubricating fluid called
Whenever it occurs it's called synovial fluid. (Hence name synovial joint.)
104
Synovial joint example
The knee joint.
Held in position by strong ligaments, well protected by outer fiber capsule.
Ligaments prevent dislocation in normal Movement.
Synovial fluid is contained in a sac formed of v thin synovial membrane.
Sac serves as cushion btwn the bones.
105
Synovial joint example
The knee joint.
Held in position by strong ligaments, well protected by outer fiber capsule.
Ligaments prevent dislocation in normal Movement.
Synovial fluid is contained in a sac formed of v thin synovial membrane.
Sac serves as cushion btwn the bones.
