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Anatomy. Equine. > The Female Reproductive System. > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive System. Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the ovaries of the mare located?

A

They are under lumbar vertebrae L4 and L5 , close to the abdominal roof.

They are sublumbar.

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2
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

The suspensory ligament of the ovary.

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3
Q

What border of the ovary is the mesovarium found on?

A

On the cranial border.

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4
Q

How large is the ovary in the horse?

A

Very large, around 9cm in diameter.

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5
Q

What shape is the equine ovary?

A

Bean shaped with a concavity on the ventral side.

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6
Q

What is the name of the depression on the ventral side of the ovary?

A

The ovulation or ovarian fossa.

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7
Q

Ovarian follicles are found in what part of the ovary of the horse?

A

Within the vascular zone.

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8
Q

Is there a cortex and medulla in the equine ovary?

A

No.

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9
Q

What follicles are visible on the surface of the equine ovary?

A

Only mature follicles.

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10
Q

What attaches the ovary to the last rib in the dog?

A

The suspensory ligament of the ovary.

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11
Q

Why are the oviducts much shorter in ungulates than in the dog?

A

As the ovary is located much more caudally in ungulates.

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12
Q

What shape are the oviducts in the horse?

A

They are coiled.

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13
Q

Where attaches the ovary to the roof of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The mesovarium.

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14
Q

The concavity on the outside of the ovary is located in what curvature of the ovary?

A

On the lesser curvature of the ovary.

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15
Q

Where does ovulation take place on the equine ovary?

A

At the ovarian fossa.

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16
Q

What is the only location where the mesovarium does not attach to the ovary?

A

At the ovarian fossa.

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17
Q

What is responsible for generating follicles within the equine ovary?

A

The germinal epithelium which is located near the ovarian fossa.

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18
Q

What is an equine peculiarity that develops around 40 days after pregnancy

A

A new set of follicles which develops into the secondary coropora lutea.

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19
Q

In the mare can pregnancy be maintained without a corpus luteum?

A

Yes.

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20
Q

What are the medial, lateral, caudal and cranial boundaries of the ovarian fossa?

A

Medial = The proper ligament of the ovary.

Lateral = The mesosalpinx.

Cranial = The mesosalpinx and the ovary.

Caudal = The uterine horn.

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21
Q

What is the function of the proper ligament of the ovary?

A

It attaches the ovary to the uterine horn.

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22
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A

It attaches the oviduct to the ovary.

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23
Q

What border of the ovarian fossa is the opening located on?

A

On the ventral border.

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24
Q

What are the 3 portions of the oviduct?

A

Fimbriae (closest to ovary).

Ampulla.

Isthmus (closest to uterus).

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25
Q

What shape is the fimbriae of the oviduct?

A

It is fimbriated and coiled.

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26
Q

What shape is the ampulla and isthmus of the oviduct?

A

They are both coiled.

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27
Q

Where does the oviduct join the uterus?

A

At a sphinctered papilla called the uterotubal junction.

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28
Q

The mucosa of the oviduct has folds that are what shape?

A

It has longitudinal folds along with secondary and tertiary folds.

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29
Q

How does the diameter of the oviduct change as it moves towards the uterus?

A

The diameter decreases as it moves towards the uterus.

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30
Q

What is a common problem that can occur at the uterotubal junction of the uterus?

A

Sometimes ova can get stuck in this area.

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31
Q

What part of the body are the uterine horns found in?

A

In the abdominal cavity.

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32
Q

What shape are the uterine horns in the mare?

A

They are arranged in a T shape.

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33
Q

What shape is the oviduct end of the uterine horns?

A

It is round and blunt.

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34
Q

What ligaments are responsible for suspending the uterine horn?

A

The broad ligaments.

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35
Q

Can the round ligament of the uterus be found on the uterus of the horse?

A

Only a remnant is found.

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36
Q

Where does the broad ligament of the uterus attach to the uterus in the horse?

A

The sublumbar region of the oviduct.

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37
Q

Where does the broad ligament of the uterus attach to the uterus in the ruminant?

A

To the dorsolateral of the oviduct.

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38
Q

What are the endothelial cups of the uterine horn?

A

Ring shaped raised areas in the mucosa of the uterine horn.

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39
Q

When are the endometrial cups of the uterine horn most likely to be visible?

A

In early pregnancy.

40
Q

What is the function of the endometrial cups of the uterine horn?

A

They have a localised endocrine function.

41
Q

What are hipomanes?

A

Brown materials that float in the amnion or allantois of the uterine horns of horses.

42
Q

How does the size of the uterine body relate to that of the uterine horn?

A

The body is slightly shorter than that of the uterine horn.

43
Q

What area of the body is the body of the uterus of the horse found in?

A

In the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

44
Q

The body of the uterus is longest in what species?

A

In the horse.

45
Q

What folds are found in the cervical canal of the neck of the uterus?

A

Longitudinal folds.

46
Q

Why is the neck of the uterus easy to put a catheter into?

A

As the cervical canal has longitudinal folds.

47
Q

What shape is the vaginal part of the neck of the uterus?

A

It is rounded and it projects into the vagina.

48
Q

What kind of vaginal fornix is found in the mare?

A

An annular vaginal fornix with radial folds.

49
Q

What is the annular vaginal fornix?

A

The part of the neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina.

50
Q

What surrounds the portio vaginalis of the mare?

A

The vaginal fornix.

51
Q

What part of the vagina is intraperitoneal?

A

Only the cranial part.

52
Q

What part of the body is the vagina located in?

A

In the pelvic cavity.

53
Q

What lines the mucous membrane of the vagina?

A

A mucous membrane that is arranged into longitudinal folds.

54
Q

What forms the caudal border of the vestibule of the vagina?

A

The labia of the vulva.

55
Q

What forms the cranial border of the vestibule of the vagina?

A

The hymen at the level of the urethral orifice.

56
Q

What direction does the vagina proceed in from its opening?

A

It runs craniodorsally.

57
Q

Where is the hymen of the the vagina located?

A

At the external urethral orifice.

58
Q

What is the most caudal part of the vestibule of the vagina?

A

The vulva.

59
Q

Where is the vestibule of the vagina located relative to the ischial arch?

A

It is below the ischial arch.

60
Q

Why is the urethra prone to prolapse in the horse?

A

As the diameter of the urethra is quite large and this means that the external urethral orifice is highly dilatable.

61
Q

What surrounds the clitoris in the mare?

A

The fossa clitoridis.

62
Q

What species has the largest glans clitoridis

A

The mare.

63
Q

What are the 2 comissures formed by the lips of the vulva?

A

A rounded ventral comissure.

A pointed dorsal comissure.

64
Q

Are the shapes of the commissures of the lips of the vulva unique to the horse?

A

Yes.

65
Q

Where is the dorsal labial commissure found in most species?

A

At the level of the pelvic floor.

66
Q

What can happen to the dorsal labial commissure in some thoroughbred horses?

A

It can be elevated to a dorsal position.

67
Q

What are the 5 consequences when the dorsal labial commissure is elevated to a dorsal position in some thoroughbred horses?

A

The anus is pushed cranially and it sinks into the ischiorectal fossa.

The floor of the vestibule is elevated leading to poor drainage of urine.

The constrictor vulvae is inefficient in closing the rima vulvae.

There is faecal contamination of the urogenital tract.

The vagina sucks in air.

68
Q

What is meant when it is said that a mare is winking?

A

When the clitoris protrudes out of the vagina during oestrus.

69
Q

What are the clitoral sinuses?

A

Invaginations in the body of the clitoris.

70
Q

How many clitoral sinuses are present in the body of the clitoris?

A

Usually 3.

71
Q

How can the clitoral sinuses become problematic?

A

They are often a site where bacteria can live and this can cause contagious equine metritis.

72
Q

The ovarian artery is a branch of what blood vessel?

A

The aorta.

73
Q

The uterine artery is a branch of what blood vessel?

A

The external iliac artery and sometimes the internal iliac artery.

74
Q

What shape is the ovarian artery within the mesovarium?

A

It is tortuous.

75
Q

What part of the ovarian artery is unique to the horse?

A

It divides into several branches on the surface of the ovary.

76
Q

Is the ovarian vein intertwined with the ovarian artery?

A

No

77
Q

What is the only mammal that has blood vessels on the surface of the ovary?

A

The horse.

78
Q

What is the main vein that drains the equine reproductive organs?

A

The ovarian vein.

79
Q

What is the main artery of the uterus?

A

The ovarian artery.

80
Q

The vaginal artery arises from what blood vessel?

A

The internal pudendal artery.

81
Q

What 5 areas of the body are supplied by the vaginal artery?

A

The vagina.

The cervix.

The caudal part of the uterus.

The bladder.

The pelvic urethra.

82
Q

Other than the vaginal artery, what other branch of the internal pudendal artery supplies the vagina?

A

The vestibular branch.

83
Q

What happens to the arteries of the female reproductive system at the dorsal aspect of the tubular genitalia?

A

The vaginal artery, the uterine artery and the ovarian artery all anastamose with each other.

84
Q

What artery of the female genitalia causes vibration (fremitus)?

A

The uterine artery.

85
Q

What is the name of the groove between the 2 mammae of the mare?

A

The median intermammary groove.

86
Q

How many mammary glands are found on each mammae of the mare?

A

2.

87
Q

Where are the mammae of the mare located?

A

In the inguinal region, between the thighs.

88
Q

What are the 2 suspensory ligaments of the mammary gland made out of?

A

The medial suspensory ligament is elastic.

The lateral suspensory ligament is fibrous.

89
Q

What is the main artery to the mammae of the mare?

A

The external pudendal artery.

90
Q

What 2 veins drain the mammary gland of the mare?

A

The external pudendal vein.

The superficial caudal epigastric vein.

91
Q

Where are the lymph nodes of the mammary glands found?

A

They are scattered between the ventral abdominal wall and the mammary gland.

92
Q

Efferents from the lymph nodes of the mammary glands go to what lymph node?

A

The deep inguinal lymph nodes.

93
Q

Where are the superficial inguinal lymph nodes located?

A

Caudo-laterally to the base of the mammae.

94
Q

What provides the cutaneous innervation of the mammary gland?

A

Nerves L2, L3 and L4.

95
Q

What provides the innervation to the udder parenchyma?

A

L3 and L4.

Anatomy. Equine. (10 decks)

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