The Female Reproductive System.

Question 1

Where are the ovaries of the mare located?

Answer 1

They are under lumbar vertebrae L4 and L5 , close to the abdominal roof.

They are sublumbar.

Question 2

What is the mesovarium?

Answer 2

The suspensory ligament of the ovary.

Question 3

What border of the ovary is the mesovarium found on?

Answer 3

On the cranial border.

Question 4

How large is the ovary in the horse?

Answer 4

Very large, around 9cm in diameter.

Question 5

What shape is the equine ovary?

Answer 5

Bean shaped with a concavity on the ventral side.

Question 6

What is the name of the depression on the ventral side of the ovary?

Answer 6

The ovulation or ovarian fossa.

Question 7

Ovarian follicles are found in what part of the ovary of the horse?

Answer 7

Within the vascular zone.

Question 8

Is there a cortex and medulla in the equine ovary?

Answer 8

No.

Question 9

What follicles are visible on the surface of the equine ovary?

Answer 9

Only mature follicles.

Question 10

What attaches the ovary to the last rib in the dog?

Answer 10

The suspensory ligament of the ovary.

Question 11

Why are the oviducts much shorter in ungulates than in the dog?

Answer 11

As the ovary is located much more caudally in ungulates.

Question 12

What shape are the oviducts in the horse?

Answer 12

They are coiled.

Question 13

Where attaches the ovary to the roof of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 13

The mesovarium.

Question 14

The concavity on the outside of the ovary is located in what curvature of the ovary?

Answer 14

On the lesser curvature of the ovary.

Question 15

Where does ovulation take place on the equine ovary?

Answer 15

At the ovarian fossa.

Question 16

What is the only location where the mesovarium does not attach to the ovary?

Answer 16

At the ovarian fossa.

Question 17

What is responsible for generating follicles within the equine ovary?

Answer 17

The germinal epithelium which is located near the ovarian fossa.

Question 18

What is an equine peculiarity that develops around 40 days after pregnancy

Answer 18

A new set of follicles which develops into the secondary coropora lutea.

Question 19

In the mare can pregnancy be maintained without a corpus luteum?

Answer 19

Yes.

Question 20

What are the medial, lateral, caudal and cranial boundaries of the ovarian fossa?

Answer 20

Medial = The proper ligament of the ovary.

Lateral = The mesosalpinx.

Cranial = The mesosalpinx and the ovary.

Caudal = The uterine horn.

Question 21

What is the function of the proper ligament of the ovary?

Answer 21

It attaches the ovary to the uterine horn.

Question 22

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

Answer 22

It attaches the oviduct to the ovary.

Question 23

What border of the ovarian fossa is the opening located on?

Answer 23

On the ventral border.

Question 24

What are the 3 portions of the oviduct?

Answer 24

Fimbriae (closest to ovary).

Ampulla.

Isthmus (closest to uterus).

Question 25

What shape is the fimbriae of the oviduct?

Answer 25

It is fimbriated and coiled.

Question 26

What shape is the ampulla and isthmus of the oviduct?

Answer 26

They are both coiled.

Question 27

Where does the oviduct join the uterus?

Answer 27

At a sphinctered papilla called the uterotubal junction.

Question 28

The mucosa of the oviduct has folds that are what shape?

Answer 28

It has longitudinal folds along with secondary and tertiary folds.

Question 29

How does the diameter of the oviduct change as it moves towards the uterus?

Answer 29

The diameter decreases as it moves towards the uterus.

Question 30

What is a common problem that can occur at the uterotubal junction of the uterus?

Answer 30

Sometimes ova can get stuck in this area.

Question 31

What part of the body are the uterine horns found in?

Answer 31

In the abdominal cavity.

Question 32

What shape are the uterine horns in the mare?

Answer 32

They are arranged in a T shape.

Question 33

What shape is the oviduct end of the uterine horns?

Answer 33

It is round and blunt.

Question 34

What ligaments are responsible for suspending the uterine horn?

Answer 34

The broad ligaments.

Question 35

Can the round ligament of the uterus be found on the uterus of the horse?

Answer 35

Only a remnant is found.

Question 36

Where does the broad ligament of the uterus attach to the uterus in the horse?

Answer 36

The sublumbar region of the oviduct.

Question 37

Where does the broad ligament of the uterus attach to the uterus in the ruminant?

Answer 37

To the dorsolateral of the oviduct.

Question 38

What are the endothelial cups of the uterine horn?

Answer 38

Ring shaped raised areas in the mucosa of the uterine horn.

Question 39

When are the endometrial cups of the uterine horn most likely to be visible?

Answer 39

In early pregnancy.

Question 40

What is the function of the endometrial cups of the uterine horn?

Answer 40

They have a localised endocrine function.

Question 41

What are hipomanes?

Answer 41

Brown materials that float in the amnion or allantois of the uterine horns of horses.

Question 42

How does the size of the uterine body relate to that of the uterine horn?

Answer 42

The body is slightly shorter than that of the uterine horn.

Question 43

What area of the body is the body of the uterus of the horse found in?

Answer 43

In the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Question 44

The body of the uterus is longest in what species?

Answer 44

In the horse.

Question 45

What folds are found in the cervical canal of the neck of the uterus?

Answer 45

Longitudinal folds.

Question 46

Why is the neck of the uterus easy to put a catheter into?

Answer 46

As the cervical canal has longitudinal folds.

Question 47

What shape is the vaginal part of the neck of the uterus?

Answer 47

It is rounded and it projects into the vagina.

Question 48

What kind of vaginal fornix is found in the mare?

Answer 48

An annular vaginal fornix with radial folds.

Question 49

What is the annular vaginal fornix?

Answer 49

The part of the neck of the uterus that projects into the vagina.

Question 50

What surrounds the portio vaginalis of the mare?

Answer 50

The vaginal fornix.

Question 51

What part of the vagina is intraperitoneal?

Answer 51

Only the cranial part.

Question 52

What part of the body is the vagina located in?

Answer 52

In the pelvic cavity.

Question 53

What lines the mucous membrane of the vagina?

Answer 53

A mucous membrane that is arranged into longitudinal folds.

Question 54

What forms the caudal border of the vestibule of the vagina?

Answer 54

The labia of the vulva.

Question 55

What forms the cranial border of the vestibule of the vagina?

Answer 55

The hymen at the level of the urethral orifice.

Question 56

What direction does the vagina proceed in from its opening?

Answer 56

It runs craniodorsally.

Question 57

Where is the hymen of the the vagina located?

Answer 57

At the external urethral orifice.

Question 58

What is the most caudal part of the vestibule of the vagina?

Answer 58

The vulva.

Question 59

Where is the vestibule of the vagina located relative to the ischial arch?

Answer 59

It is below the ischial arch.

Question 60

Why is the urethra prone to prolapse in the horse?

Answer 60

As the diameter of the urethra is quite large and this means that the external urethral orifice is highly dilatable.

Question 61

What surrounds the clitoris in the mare?

Answer 61

The fossa clitoridis.

Question 62

What species has the largest glans clitoridis

Answer 62

The mare.

Question 63

What are the 2 comissures formed by the lips of the vulva?

Answer 63

A rounded ventral comissure. A pointed dorsal comissure.

Question 64

Are the shapes of the commissures of the lips of the vulva unique to the horse?

Answer 64

Yes.

Question 65

Where is the dorsal labial commissure found in most species?

Answer 65

At the level of the pelvic floor.

Question 66

What can happen to the dorsal labial commissure in some thoroughbred horses?

Answer 66

It can be elevated to a dorsal position.

Question 67

What are the 5 consequences when the dorsal labial commissure is elevated to a dorsal position in some thoroughbred horses?

Answer 67

The anus is pushed cranially and it sinks into the ischiorectal fossa. The floor of the vestibule is elevated leading to poor drainage of urine. The constrictor vulvae is inefficient in closing the rima vulvae. There is faecal contamination of the urogenital tract. The vagina sucks in air.

Question 68

What is meant when it is said that a mare is winking?

Answer 68

When the clitoris protrudes out of the vagina during oestrus.

Question 69

What are the clitoral sinuses?

Answer 69

Invaginations in the body of the clitoris.

Question 70

How many clitoral sinuses are present in the body of the clitoris?

Answer 70

Usually 3.

Question 71

How can the clitoral sinuses become problematic?

Answer 71

They are often a site where bacteria can live and this can cause contagious equine metritis.

Question 72

The ovarian artery is a branch of what blood vessel?

Answer 72

The aorta.

Question 73

The uterine artery is a branch of what blood vessel?

Answer 73

The external iliac artery and sometimes the internal iliac artery.

Question 74

What shape is the ovarian artery within the mesovarium?

Answer 74

It is tortuous.

Question 75

What part of the ovarian artery is unique to the horse?

Answer 75

It divides into several branches on the surface of the ovary.

Question 76

Is the ovarian vein intertwined with the ovarian artery?

Answer 76

No

Question 77

What is the only mammal that has blood vessels on the surface of the ovary?

Answer 77

The horse.

Question 78

What is the main vein that drains the equine reproductive organs?

Answer 78

The ovarian vein.

Question 79

What is the main artery of the uterus?

Answer 79

The ovarian artery.

Question 80

The vaginal artery arises from what blood vessel?

Answer 80

The internal pudendal artery.

Question 81

What 5 areas of the body are supplied by the vaginal artery?

Answer 81

The vagina. The cervix. The caudal part of the uterus. The bladder. The pelvic urethra.

Question 82

Other than the vaginal artery, what other branch of the internal pudendal artery supplies the vagina?

Answer 82

The vestibular branch.

Question 83

What happens to the arteries of the female reproductive system at the dorsal aspect of the tubular genitalia?

Answer 83

The vaginal artery, the uterine artery and the ovarian artery all anastamose with each other.

Question 84

What artery of the female genitalia causes vibration (fremitus)?

Answer 84

The uterine artery.

Question 85

What is the name of the groove between the 2 mammae of the mare?

Answer 85

The median intermammary groove.

Question 86

How many mammary glands are found on each mammae of the mare?

Answer 86

2.

Question 87

Where are the mammae of the mare located?

Answer 87

In the inguinal region, between the thighs.

Question 88

What are the 2 suspensory ligaments of the mammary gland made out of?

Answer 88

The medial suspensory ligament is elastic. The lateral suspensory ligament is fibrous.

Question 89

What is the main artery to the mammae of the mare?

Answer 89

The external pudendal artery.

Question 90

What 2 veins drain the mammary gland of the mare?

Answer 90

The external pudendal vein. The superficial caudal epigastric vein.

Question 91

Where are the lymph nodes of the mammary glands found?

Answer 91

They are scattered between the ventral abdominal wall and the mammary gland.

Question 92

Efferents from the lymph nodes of the mammary glands go to what lymph node?

Answer 92

The deep inguinal lymph nodes.

Question 93

Where are the superficial inguinal lymph nodes located?

Answer 93

Caudo-laterally to the base of the mammae.

Question 94

What provides the cutaneous innervation of the mammary gland?

Answer 94

Nerves L2, L3 and L4.

Question 95

What provides the innervation to the udder parenchyma?

Answer 95

L3 and L4.