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Anatomy. Equine. > The Equine Forelimb. The Shoulder and the Elbow Joints. > Flashcards

The Equine Forelimb. The Shoulder and the Elbow Joints. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 major joints found in the equine forelimb?

A

Shoulder joint.

Elbow joint.

Carpal joint.

Metacarpophalangeal joint.

Proximal interphalangeal joint.

Distal interphalangeal joint.

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2
Q

What is the major function of the forelimb of the horse?

A

To bear weight.

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3
Q

How is the horses weight distributed between the forelimb and hindlimb?

A

55-60% is placed on the forelimb.

45-40% is placed on the hindlimb.

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4
Q

What is the function of the equine forelimb when the horse is moving?

A

At high speeds the forelimb will act as a shock absorber.

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5
Q

What area of the equine forelimb is most likely to suffer from lameness?

A

The area below the carpus.

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6
Q

The forelimb of the horse has what alignment?

A

It is straight.

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7
Q

What is another name for the shoulder joint?

A

The scapulo-humeral joint.

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8
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

A ball and socket joint.

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9
Q

Is the shoulder a stable joint?

A

Yes, it is very stable.

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10
Q

What 2 bones are involved in the shoulder joint?

A

The scapula.

The humerus.

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11
Q

The humerus fits into what part of the scapula to form the shoulder joint?

A

The glenoid cavity.

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12
Q

What part of the scapula is found in most species, but is missing in the horse?

A

The acromion process.

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13
Q

What animals lack an acromion process on their scapula?

A

The horse.

The pig.

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14
Q

What part of the deltoideus muscle is missing in the horse?

A

The acromion portion.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint?

A

It is very thin.

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16
Q

Are there any collateral ligaments associated with the shoulder?

A

No.

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17
Q

What is the name of the bursa that is associated with the shoulder?

A

The bicipital bursa.

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18
Q

Why must we treat inflammation of the bicipital bursa separately from the shoulder joint?

A

As the bursa is separate from the shoulder joint.

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19
Q

What muscle of the shoulder is on the medial aspect of the shoulder?

A

The subscapularis muscle.

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20
Q

What muscles of the shoulder are on the lateral aspect of the shoulder?

A

The suprasinatus muscle.

The infraspinatus muscle.

The teres major muscle.

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21
Q

What is the origin of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

The glenoid tubercle.

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22
Q

How does the tendon of the biceps brachii affect the shoulder joint?

A

It helps to stabilise the shoulder joint.

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23
Q

Where is the bicipital bursa of the shoulder located?

A

Between the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii and the joint capsule.

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24
Q

What are the main stabilisers of the shoulder joint?

A

The muscles that surround the joint.

The tendon of the biceps brachii.

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25
Q

What movements are performed by the shoulder joint?

A

Mostly flexion and extension.

Some abduction, adduction and rotation is possible.

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26
Q

What is the normal angle that the shoulder joint is flexed at?

A

115 degrees.

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27
Q

How does the angle of flexion help the horse?

A

It acts as an anti concussion mechanism.

28
Q

What is transmitted up the leg when the horses hoof strikes the ground?

A

A concussive force is transmitted up the leg to the shoulder.

29
Q

What is the major cause of lameness in equine forelimb?

A

The concussive force that is transmitted up the limb when the leg strikes the ground.

30
Q

What is the anti-concussion mechanism of the shoulder?

A

The partial flexion of the shoulder helps to reduce the amount of concussion that passes through the limb.

31
Q

What keeps the shoulder joint partially flexed at 115 degrees?

A

The tendons of the biceps brachii.

32
Q

What are 4 important landmarks of the equine shoulder region?

A

The deltoid tuberosity.

The greater tubercle.

The spinous tuberosity.

The supraglenoid tubercle.

33
Q

In the horse, what are the divisions of the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

The cranial and caudal divisions.

34
Q

What forms the point of the shoulder in the horse?

A

The cranial division of the greater tubercle.

35
Q

What is the spinous tuberosity of the equine shoulder?

A

It is a prominence on the spine of the scapula.

36
Q

Where is the transverse humeral retinaculum of the equine shoulder found?

A

It runs between the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus.

37
Q

What is the function of the transverse humeral retinaculum?

A

It holds the tendon of the biceps brachii in place.

38
Q

How can the infraspinatus muscle cause lameness?

A

The bursa that protects the tendon of this muscle can become inflamed.

39
Q

What is the function of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

It is the origin for the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

It is one of the major anchors for the stay apparatus.

40
Q

Where is the deltoid tuberosity found on the horse?

A

On the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus.

41
Q

What is the function of the intertubercular bursa of the shoulder joint?

A

It protects the tendon of the biceps brachii.

42
Q

Does the intertubercular bursa communicate with the joint cavity of the shoulder?

A

No.

43
Q

What is the best way to inject the shoulder joint?

A

By palpating the greater tubercle (point of shoulder).

Find the groove between the cranial and caudal divisions of the greater tubercle.

Place the needle here to inject fluids.

44
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

A compound synovial hinge joint.

45
Q

What bones are involved in the elbow joint?

A

The condyles of the humerus.

The trochlea notch of the ulna.

The head of the radius.

46
Q

What parts of the elbow joint does the capsule of the elbow attach to?

A

To the humerus, the radius and the ulna.

47
Q

Where does the caudal aspect of the joint capsule of the elbow insert onto?

A

The proximal border of the olecrannon fossa.

48
Q

Are there collateral ligaments associated with the elbow joint?

A

Yes.

Medial and collateral ligaments.

49
Q

Where do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow run between?

A

The condyles of the humerus to the radius and ulna.

50
Q

What is the major difference between the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow?

A

The lateral collateral ligament is unbranched.

The medial collateral ligament has 2 divisions.

51
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow?

A

The cranial portion is the long portion.

The caudal portion is the short portion.

52
Q

Where does the long division of the medial collateral ligament insert onto?

A

It inserts onto the radius, distally to the interosseus space.

53
Q

The cranial part of the medial collateral ligament is the remnant of what muscle in cattle and horses?

A

The pronator teres muscle.

54
Q

Where does the short division of the medial collateral ligament insert onto?

A

Onto the medial tuberosity of the radius.

55
Q

Why is pronation and supination of the forelimb impossible in the horse and the cow?

A

As the radius and ulna are fused.

56
Q

Is the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow branched or un branched?

A

It is unbranched.

Only the medial collateral ligament is branched.

57
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow run from and to?

A

Proximally attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

It inserts onto the radius.

58
Q

In most species will the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow attach to the radius and ulna?

A

Yes, but the ulna part is absent in the horse.

59
Q

Is the olecrannon ligament found in the horse?

A

No, it is only found in the cat and dog.

60
Q

Which of the collateral ligaments of the elbow is part of the stay apparatus of the horse?

A

The lateral collateral ligament.

61
Q

What is another name for the elbow joint?

A

The cubital joint.

62
Q

What are the main movements of the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and extension.

63
Q

Is arthrocentesis of the elbow performed on the medial or lateral side?

A

On the lateral side.

64
Q

Why can we not perform athrocentesis of the elbow on the medial side?

A

As the pectoral muscles get in the way of accessing the medial collateral ligament.

65
Q

How do we perform arthrocentesis of the elbow joint?

A

We palpate the lateral humeral condyle of the humerus and the lateral tuberosity of the radius.

We place the needle between these 2 regions, either cranially or caudally to the lateral collateral ligament.

Anatomy. Equine. (10 decks)

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