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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > The Fate of the Mesoderm > Flashcards

The Fate of the Mesoderm Flashcards

1
Q

What has happened by the end of the third week post fertilisation?

A

NAME?

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2
Q

What ist he most plastic of the germ layers?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What is meant by the mesoderm being the most plastic?

A

It gives rise to the biggest number of tissues

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4
Q

What is the notochord responsible for?

A

Releasing signals to surrounding ectoderm

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5
Q

What does the notochord undergo?

A

Neurulation

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6
Q

What forms the nervous system?

A

Notochord-driven induction of the ectoderm

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7
Q

What happens to the neural plate?

A

It folds up to form the tube which develops into the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the tube that develops into the brain and spinal cord called?

A

The neural tube

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9
Q

What is the formation of the neural tube key to?

A

Normal development of the CNS

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10
Q

What can result in problems with neural tube formation?

A

Spinabifida

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11
Q

When does neural tube formation occur?

A

23 days post fertilisation

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12
Q

What is the structure of the notochord during neurulation?

A

Solid rod of cells running in midline

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13
Q

What is the role of the notochord in neurulation?

A

Signalling

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14
Q

Where does the notochord run?

A

Between ectoderm and endoderm

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15
Q

What is the result of the notochord running between the ectoderm and endoderm?

A

Signals can reach the ectoderm

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16
Q

What does the notochord direct?

A

Conversion of overlying ectoderm to neuroectoderm

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17
Q

How does ectoderm become neuroectoderm?

A

Differentiation

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18
Q

What is neuroectoderm?

A

A type of tissue that goes on to give the CNS

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19
Q

What do notochord signals cause?

A

Overlying ectoderm to thicken

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20
Q

What does the thickening of overlying ectoderm lead to?

A

Slipper-shaped neural plate

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21
Q

How is the neural tube formed for the neural plate?

A

The edges elevate out of the plane of the disk, and curl towards each other

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22
Q

What causes the edges of the plate to rise up?

A

The cells grow faster at the edge

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23
Q

What gives rise to the majority of tissues?

A

Mesoderm

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24
Q

What is required for the mesoderm to give rise to the majority of tissue?

A

Rapid differentiation

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25
Q

What does mesoderm have lots of?

A

Discreet zones

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26
Q

What does each zone of the mesoderm have?

A

Separate tasks

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of mesoderm?

A
  • Paraxial
  • Intermediate
  • Somatic
  • Splanchnic
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28
Q

Where is paraxial mesoderm found?

A

Either side of the axis

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29
Q

What is the somatic mesoderm to do with?

A

Body, and body structures, including skeletal muscle

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30
Q

What is the splanchnic mesoderm to do with?

A

Viscera and organs

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31
Q

What exists in additional to the 4 types of mesoderm?

A

Intraembyronic coalom

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32
Q

What is intraembryonic coalom?

A

Spaces inside the embryo that form a new cavity

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33
Q

How is paraxial mesoderm organised?

A

Into segments

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34
Q

When do the first pair of somites appear?

A

Day 20

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35
Q

Where do the first pair of somites appear?

A

In the occipital region

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36
Q

What is the advantage of the first pair of somites being a very predictable presentation?

A

It can be used to age foetus

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37
Q

Where do more somites appear following the first?

A

The craniocaudal sequence

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38
Q

How quickly do more somites appear?

A

3 pairs a day

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39
Q

How many somites pairs are eventually present?

A

42 to 44

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40
Q

What happens to some of the somite pairs?

A

They disappear

41
Q

What is the ultimate number of somite pairs?

A

31

42
Q

How do somites appear?

A

As regular block of mesoderm cells arranged around a small cavity

43
Q

What is the appearance of somites followed by?

A

‘Organised degradation’

44
Q

What happens in organised degradation?

A

The ventral wall of somite breaks down

45
Q

What does organised degradation lead to?

A

The formation of sclerotome

46
Q

What does organised degradation represent?

A

A loss of a clearly defined block structure, but still kept very ordered

47
Q

What does further organisation of dorsal portion form?

A

The dorsal dermomyotome

48
Q

How does the dermomyotome differ from the sclerotome?

A

It is even more organised

49
Q

What does the dorsal dermomyotome contribute to?

A

Formation of skin and muscular formation

50
Q

What does the myotome do?

A

Proliferates and migrates

51
Q

What does the dermotome do?

A

Disperses

52
Q

What does the myotome and dermatome remain affiliated to?

A

The parent somite

53
Q

What are somite derivatives the beginning of?

A

Development of musculoskeletal system

54
Q

What is the dermatome?

A

‘Skin section’

55
Q

What is the myotome?

A

‘Muscle section’

56
Q

What is the sclerotome?

A

‘Hard tissue’ section

57
Q

What is the implication of segmentation?

A
  • Organisation of mesoderm into somites give rise to repeating structures
  • Guides innervation
58
Q

What repeating structures rise form somites?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Spinal cord segments
59
Q

What is the epimere innervated by?

A

Dorsal branch of spinal nerve for that segment

60
Q

What is the hypomere innervated by?

A

Vental branch

61
Q

What is the significance of there being 31 somites?

A

Means there a 31 segments and therefore 31 pairs of spinal nerves

62
Q

Developmentally, what is the dermatome?

A

The part of the somite that gives rise to the dermis

63
Q

Developmentally, what is the myotome?

A

Gives rise to the muscle

64
Q

Clinically, what is the dermatome?

A

A strip of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

65
Q

Clinically,

A

A muscle/group of muscles supplied by a single spinal nerve

66
Q

Clinically, what is the dermatome and myotome the basis of?

A

Examination of musculoskeletal and nervous systems

67
Q

What does mesoderm differentiate into?

A
  • Notochord
  • Paraxial
  • Intermediate
  • Somatic
  • Splanchnic
68
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm develop into?

A
  • The axial skeleton
  • Dermis
  • Muscles of A/L body wall
  • Some limb muscles
69
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Vertebral column and ribs

70
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm develop into?

A

Urogenital system

71
Q

What does the urogenital system consist of?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Gonads
72
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm develop into?

A

Connective tissue of limbs

73
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm develop into?

A
  • Smooth musculature
  • Connective tissue
  • Vasculature of gut
74
Q

What will the buccopharyngeal membrane become?

A

The mouth

75
Q

What will the cardiogenic area become?

A

The heart

76
Q

Where on the embryonic disc is the cardiogenic zone of mesoderm?

A

Cranial end

77
Q

What kind of folding does the embryonic disc undergo?

A

NAME?

78
Q

What is meant by cephalocaudal folding?

A

Folding at cranial (head) end and tail

79
Q

What is cephalocaudal folding driven by?

A

Size of the neural tube

80
Q

What is meant by lateral folding?

A

Folding of sides

81
Q

What is lateral folding driven by?

A

Size of developing somite

82
Q

What does folding create?

A

A pocket, with an opening into the umbilical cord

83
Q

What is the result of of cephalocaudal folding?

A

A layer of mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm, with future pericardial cavity next to it

84
Q

What causes an expansion of the ectoderm?

A

The size of the neural tube

85
Q

What does the expansion of the ectoderm do?

A

Pushes the head and tail under the layer of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, leading to little pockets of yolk sac being pinched up into the embryonic body

86
Q

What does the expansion of the amniotic sac downwards mean?

A

The whole embryo is wrapped in the amniotic sac, making sure whatever is facing outwards is ecroderm

87
Q

What is the result of cephalocaudal folding on the heart?

A

It is now in the right place

88
Q

What happens as the amniotic sac moves down?

A
  • Get two ‘leaves’ at the lateral edges

- Somites forming in paraxial mesoderm

89
Q

What are the two ‘leaves’ at the lateral edges?

A

Somatic and splanchnic

90
Q

What happens to the lateral edges of the disk?

A

They are forced down by growth of somites

91
Q

What opens up between somatic and splanchnic layers?

A

Increasing space

92
Q

What happens to the somatic and splanchnic ‘leaves’?

A

They develop downward, eventually meeting

93
Q

What happens when the leaves meet?

A

They pinch off a bit of yolk sac

94
Q

What is the result of the pinching off of yolk sac?

A

Results in cavity inside the embryo from the yolk sac

95
Q

What does the cavity from the yolk sac allow for?

A

Development of systems

96
Q

What does folding achieve?

A
  • Draws together margins of disk
  • Creates ventral body wall
  • Pulling amniotic membrane around disc, so embryo becomes suspended in it
  • Pulling connective stalk ventrally
  • Creates the primordium of the gut
  • Puts heart and primordium of diaphragm in right place
  • Creates new cavity within embryo
97
Q

Is the creation the ventral body wall an active or automatic process?

A

Active

98
Q

What is the primordium of the gut created from?

A

The yolk sac

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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