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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an afferent neurone?

A

A sensory neurone

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2
Q

What does an afferent neurone do?

A

Carries signals from periphery to CNS

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3
Q

What is an efferent neurone?

A

A motoneurone or autonomic neurone

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4
Q

What does an efferent neurone do?

A

Carries signals from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery

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5
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of normal cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is a pre-ganglionic neurone?

A

One immediately proximal to ganglion

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7
Q

What is a post-ganglion neurone?

A

One that is immediately distal to the ganglion

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8
Q

What is an effector?

A

A target organ through with the nervous system exerts its actions

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9
Q

What is the nervous system split into?

A

NAME?

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10
Q

What is the relationship between PNS and CNS?

A

Clearly defined, but linked and dependant on one another. They are continuums of the same cell

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11
Q

What is the central nervous system split into?

A

NAME?

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12
Q

What is the CNS characterised by?

A

Bony encasements

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13
Q

What is the brain encased in?

A

Cranium

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14
Q

What encases the spinal cord?

A

Stacking of vertebral discs

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15
Q

What is the CNS suspended in?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A

Sophisticated function of nervous systems

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17
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A
  • Axons of cranial nerves
  • Axons of spinal nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Nerve plexuses
  • Enteric nervous system
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18
Q

How many pairs of ganglia are there the PNS?

A
  • 25 autonomic
  • 31 sensory
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19
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Collections/junctions of neurones

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of nerve plexuses?

A
  • Brachial
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
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21
Q

What is the enteric nervous system related to?

A

The gut

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22
Q

What does the PNS connect?

A

The CNS to its target organs, or sensory organs to CNS

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23
Q

What does the PNS rely on?

A

The integrity of the CNS

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24
Q

How can the CNS and PNS be divided?

A

Into their direction of signalling

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25
Q

What are the two directions of signalling?

A

NAME?

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26
Q

Where does afferent signalling lead?

A

To the somatic nervous system

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27
Q

Where does efferent signalling lead?

A

To the autonomic nervous system

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28
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
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29
Q

What carries the output for the somatic nervous system?

A

1 neurone

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30
Q

Where are the neurones carrying the output of the somatic nervous system located?

A

Spinally or cranially

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31
Q

Where does an efferent neurone terminate?

A

Directly on effector organ

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32
Q

What is the effector organ?

A

Skeletal muscle

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33
Q

What is skeletal muscle activated to do?

A

Carry out a specific task

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34
Q

What is happening when skeletal muscle isn’t carrying out a specific task?

A

It is inactive

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35
Q

What is the exception to skeletal muscle being inactive when not performing function?

A

Motor tone

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36
Q

How is motor tone controlled?

A

Turned on/off by individual at will

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37
Q

When is skeletal muscle inactivated?

A

During REM

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38
Q

What is not inactivated during REM sleep?

A

Muscles that control the eyes, and involved in respiration

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39
Q

Are efferents developed at birth?

A

No

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40
Q

What is the result of efferents being underdeveloped at birth?

A

We have to acquire motor skills

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41
Q

When are efferents fully developed?

A

By puberty

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42
Q

When do efferents start to go downhill?

A

Age 19+

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43
Q

Is the somatic nervous system under voluntary control?

A

Yes

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Subserves ‘fundamental’ life functions

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45
Q

What fundamental life functions are carried out by the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Survival of individual
  • Promotion of species
  • Care of offspring
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46
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system maintain?

A

A constant internal environment in the body- homeostasis

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47
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system become active along with?

A

Organogenesis

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48
Q

When does the autonomic nervous system function stop?

A

It functions non-stop throughout life

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49
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system control function?

A

By changing the continuous output in 2 opposing systems

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50
Q

What do the predominant actions of the ANS reflect?

A

An imbalance in the outputs of its two ‘opposing’ systems

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51
Q

What can the autonomic nervous be split into?

A

NAME?

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52
Q

What are the general actions of the ANS?

A

NAME?

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53
Q

What is meant by the ANS being responsible for consistency?

A

It establishes and maintains homeostasis of internal environment in the body

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54
Q

How does the ANS achieve consistency?

A

Through regulation of systems in the body

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55
Q

What systems does the ANS regulate to ensure consistency?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Thermoregulative
56
Q

What does the ANS do to enable an intermittent change in bias?

A

Promotes excretory mechanisms of body as and when necessary and appropriate

57
Q

What are the effector organs of the ANS?

A
  • Visceral organs
  • Smooth muscle
  • Secretory glands
  • Cardiac muscle
58
Q

What are the similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Common standard anatomical layout
  • Equal numbers of synapses in a series arrangement
59
Q

How to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ?

A
  • In detail of respective anatomy
  • Various synapses use different neurotransmitters
60
Q

What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system the basis of?

A

General therapies

61
Q

How does the layout of the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic?

A

General layout more complex

62
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system laid out?

A
  • Always 2 neurones arranged in series
  • 1 cell has cell body in CNS
  • 1 cell has cell body in PNS
63
Q

How do the neurones in the ANS exert actions?

A

Via 3 classes of effector organs

64
Q

What does the layout of the ANS allow for?

A

A lot of flexibility

65
Q

How does the general layout of autonomic efferents appear?

A

Very simple

66
Q

What is the general layout of autonomic efferents?

A
  • 2 neurone chains
  • 1 neurone in CNS
  • 1 neurone wholly in PNS
67
Q

What is the neurone of autonomic efferents in the CNS called?

A

Pre-synaptic

68
Q

Does the pre-synaptic neurone of autonomic efferents supply effector organs?

A

Not directly

69
Q

What is the autonomic efferent neurone wholly in the PNS called?

A

Post-synpatic

70
Q

What does the post-synaptic neurone of autonomic efferents rely on?

A

The pre-synaptic neurone to drive it

71
Q

Where does the post-synaptic neurone of autonomic efferents terminate?

A

Directly on an effector organ

72
Q

Give 4 examples of autonomic effector organs

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Secretory glands
  • Viscera
  • Cardiac muscle
73
Q

What are transmitters and receptors of the ANS the essence of?

A

Therapeutics and it’s side effects

74
Q

What are most organs innervated by?

A

The ANS

75
Q

What do most organs receive?

A

Dual innervation of SNS and PNS

76
Q

What can be said of most effects of the PNS and SNS?

A

They are reciprocal

77
Q

What does autonomic tone vary between?

A

SNS and PNS dominance

78
Q

What is predominant ANS tone determined by?

A

The balance of outputs of SNS and PNS

79
Q

What receives only SNS drive?

A

Sweat glands

80
Q

In what ways can the bladder malfunction?

A
  • Can go into state of retention
  • Can be that nothing can be retained
81
Q

What can cause bladder malfunction?

A

If the nerves at spinal roots L1-L2 of the sympathetic nervous system, which supply the detrusor blood vessels, or spinal roots S2-S4 of the parasympathetic nervous system are damaged

82
Q

What part of bladder control is voluntary?

A

The voluntary sphincter

83
Q

What spinal roots are involved with the voluntary bladder sphincter?

A

S2-S4 (Ventral horn - Onuf’s nucleus)

84
Q

What are the clinical implications of over-activity of the PNS?

A

NAME?

85
Q

What can shortage of substrate to the brain lead to?

A

Fainting

86
Q

What can shortage of substrate to the tissues of the body lead to?

A

Necrosis

87
Q

What is duality of ANS systems rooted in?

A

2 independent anatomical profiles

88
Q

What are both divisions of the ANS characterised by?

A

2 neurones in a chain

89
Q

What is the neurone of the ANS that is located in the CNS known as?

A

Pre-ganglionic

90
Q

Where is the CNS location of the pre-ganglionic neurone of the ANS?

A

Either brainstem or spinal cord

91
Q

Are the ANS axons in the CNS myelinated?

A

Yes

92
Q

What are the ANS axons of the neurones in the CNS known as?

A

White Rami Communicates (Communicans)

93
Q

What does ANS axonal length in the CNS vary depending on?

A

ANS divison

94
Q

What is the ANS neurone in the PNS known as?

A

Post-ganglionic

95
Q

Where is the stomata of the ANS neurone in the PNS located?

A

Outside the CNS

96
Q

What do the stomata of the ANS neurone in the PNS form?

A

Swellings known as ganglia

97
Q

Are the ANS axons in the PNS myelinated?

A

No

98
Q

What are the ANS axons in the PNS known as?

A

Grey Rami Communicates (Communicans)

99
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system also known as?

A

Fight-or-flight system

100
Q

When is the SNS predominantly expressed?

A

In stressful situations

101
Q

What is the result of SNS activity?

A

NAME?

102
Q

Where does the SNS flow out from?

A

Spinal cord only

103
Q

Where to the SNS nerve fibres have cell bodies?

A
  • All 12 thoracic segments of spinal cord (T1→ T12)
  • 1st 2 lumbar segments (L1 and L2)
104
Q

How can complications arise in the SNS?

A

Following transections of the spinal cord in accidents

105
Q

What do the post-ganglioic neurones of the SNS express?

A

Nicotinic receptors

106
Q

Of what nature are the post-ganglionic neurones of the SNS?

A

NAME?

107
Q

Where are the post ganglionic neurones of the SNS adrenergenic?

A

Adrenal medulla

108
Q

Of what nature are the pre ganglionic neurones of the SNS?

A

Cholinergenic

109
Q

What do effector organs express?

A

A variety of receptors- α and ß receptors

110
Q

What is the efferent system associated with?

A

The paravertebral chain

111
Q

Where do the majority of efferents of the SNS terminate?

A

In the paravertebral chain

112
Q

What is the result of most efferents of the SNS terminating in the paravertebral chain?

A

Short preganglionic fibres

113
Q

What are the 3 possible modes of termination of SNS efferents?

A

NAME?

114
Q

What do the nerves that don’t synapse in the paravertebral chain tend to be?

A

Splanchnic nerves

115
Q

Of what nature are sympathetic postganglionic nerves?

A

Noradrenergic

116
Q

What is meant by noradrenergic?

A

They transmit with noradrenaline

117
Q

What are the exceptions to the rule of sympathetic postganglionic fibres being noradrenergic?

A

NAME?

118
Q

What are the neurones responsible for sweating called?

A

Pseudomotor

119
Q

What behaviour do α receptors exhibit?

A

Either α 1 or α 2 behaviour

120
Q

What are ß receptors divisible into?

A

ß 1 or ß 2

121
Q

What can α and ß receptors exhibit?

A

Presynaptic inhibition of each other

122
Q

Where do preganglionic neurones of the SNS have their cell bodies?

A

In the thoraco-lumbar cord

123
Q

How long are the pre-ganglionic neurones of the SNS?

A

Relatively short

124
Q

What do pre-gaglionic neurones of the SNS do to transmit impulses?

A

Secrete acetylcholine as the transmitter

125
Q

How long are the post-gangliotic neurones of the SNS?

A

Relatively long

126
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurones of the SNS secrete as their neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline or adrenaline

127
Q

What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is active?

A
  • Reduces heart rate, and force of contraction of the heart
  • Promotes digestion
  • Promotes bodily functions
  • Promotes sleep
128
Q

Where do the parasympathetic messages flow from?

A

The the brain and spinal cords

129
Q

Give 4 cranial nerves

A

NAME?

130
Q

What spinal cord levels are used by the PNS?

A

S2, S3 and S4

131
Q

What could be said of the pre-ganglionic neurones of the PNS?

A

They are long and cholinergic

132
Q

What can be said of the post-ganglionic fibres of the PNS?

A

They are short, express nicotinic receptors and are cholinergic

133
Q

What do effector organs in the PNS express?

A

Muscarinic receptors

134
Q

What does the layout of autonomic efferents in the PNS allow?

A

Flexibility by design

135
Q

How does the layout of autonomic efferents in the PNS allow flexibility?

A

NAME?

136
Q

What are nicotinic receptors stimulated by?

A

Nicotine

137
Q

What are muscarinic receptors blocked by?

A

Atropine

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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