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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Infection and Microbiology > Flashcards

Infection and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest kind of microbe?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

What are the smallest microbes?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

What microbes are of intermediate size?

A

Prokaryotic microbes

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4
Q

Do prokaryote microbes have membranes

A

No- no nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Do prokaryotic microbes have DNA or RNA?

A

Both

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate cell parasites

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7
Q

What is meant by obligate?

A

It has to perform a specific function

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8
Q

Do viruses have DNA or RNA?

A

One or the other, but not both

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9
Q

Are all agents of infection microbes?

A

No

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10
Q

What are most deep tissues considered to be?

A

Sterile

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11
Q

Where are microbes predominantly found?

A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Why are microbes predominantly found in epithelial tissue?

A

All epithelial surfaces are constantly in contact with microbes

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13
Q

How was the stomach traditionally considered?

A

As sterile

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14
Q

Why was the stomach traditionally considered sterile?

A

Because the acid

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15
Q

What is now known regarding the stomach?

A

Some microbes are able to withstand acid, and can therefore infect the stoamch

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16
Q

Why aren’t bacteria seen on micrographs?

A
  • They stain poorly with H&E
  • Tissue preparation deliberately remove many of them
  • Insufficient magnification
  • Routine histology often ignores or deliberately removes the microbes normally present on/in the human body
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17
Q

What do normally resident microbes comprise?

A

Our microbiomes

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18
Q

What is the metabolic power and effect of our microbome comparable too?

A

At least an organ like the lvier

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19
Q

What are differences in individuals’ microbes linked to?

A

Health and disease

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20
Q

How is an individuals microbiome linked to health?

A

Important for tissue differentiation

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21
Q

How is an individuals microbiome linked to disease?

A

Can be significant in obesity, diabetes and psoriasis

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22
Q

What do we need to see microbes?

A

Special stains and microscopy techniques

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23
Q

What does the Gram stain allow?

A

Detection and beginnings of classification of most bacteria

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24
Q

What do acid fast stains allow?

A

Detection of bacterial causes of TB and leprosy

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25
What is the clinical importance of bacteria stains?
Help in diagnosis and treatment of infection
26
What happens in the Gram stain?
- +vely charged crystal violet binds to -vely charged cell components, predominantly nucleic acids  - Iodine forms large molecular complexes with crystal violet - Acetone and methanol extract the complexes through the Gram -ve, but not through the Gram +ve cell wall - Red dye is used to stain the now unstained Gram -ve cells
27
What does the Gram stain reveal?
Profound difference in the cell surface of different types of bacteria
28
What colour do Gram+ bacteria stain?
Dark blue
29
What colour do Gram- bacteria stain?
Red
30
Describe the bacterial cell envelope of a Gram+ bacteria
- Single molecule spreading all the way around the cell surface - Thicker peptidoglycan covering on outside  - Cytoplasmic membrane on inside
31
How does the Gram- cell envelope differ from that of the Gram+?
#NAME?
32
Describe the bacterial cell envelope of a Gram- bacteria
- Outer membrane  - Layer of peptidoglycan  - Cytoplasmic membrane
33
Give 3 shapes of bacteria
- Cocci - Rods/bacilli  - Coccibacilli
34
Give 3 variations of bacteria
- Curved - Spiral  - Filamentous
35
Give 2 internal structures of bacteria
#NAME?
36
Give 3 external structures of bacteria
- Fimbrae/pili - Flagallae  - Capsule
37
What does the Gram- out membrane consist of?
#NAME?
38
What is significant about the LPS layer?
It is highly toxic
39
What are most symptoms of infection caused by?
The immune reaction
40
Give 3 cell envelope types that can’t be visualised by the Gram stain?
- Mycobacterium  - Mycoplasmas - Those that are too small
41
What stains can be used to visualise mycobacterium?
- Acid fast stain  - Fluorescent  - Z-N brightfield stains
42
Give an example of an acid fast stain
Turamine
43
Why can’t mycoplasmas be visualised by the Gram stain?
No peptidoglycan
44
Give 2 examples of mycobacterial diseases?
#NAME?
45
What does the mycobacterial cell wall consist of?
- Glycolipids on outside - Mycolic acid  - Arabinogalactan  - Peptidoglycan  - Plasma membrane
46
What is the advantage of smears for acid fast bacilli?
Rapid
47
What is the disadvantage for smears for acid fast bacilli?
Relatively insensitive
48
What is the clinical importance of cell walls?
- Detection and diagnosis via Gram and acid fast stains  - Endotoxin effects  - Target for antibiotics
49
What is the advantage of using bacterial cell walls as a target for antibiotics?
Allows for selective toxicity
50
Give 3 examples of antibiotics that use cell walls as their target
- ß-lactams  - Glycopeptides  - Isoniazid
51
Where can bacteria be grown?
- In broth  - Colonies on agar media  - Biofilms
52
How do bacteria grow in broth?
Replication by binary fission
53
What does growth in broth give rise to?
Lag, exponential (log) and stationary phases of growth
54
What are the stages that happen when bacteria grow on biofilms?
Attachment →  colonisation →  growth on surface
55
What is the clinical importance of broth turbidity?
#NAME?
56
What is the clinical importance of colonies?
Easy identification and counting of bacteria
57
What is the clinical importance of biofilms?
Can model bacterial growth on medical devices
58
Why is bacterial growth on medical devices important?
Because one of the major reasons for needing to remove intravascular diseases is that they get infected
59
What is the clinical importance of the speed to bacterial growth?
- Rate at which disease develops  | - Time available to diagnose
60
What are the requirements for bacterial growth?
- Specific energy source  - Specific building blocks  - Specific atmosphere
61
What atmosphere is required by the majority of bacteria in/on the body?
Absence of oxygen
62
What are the 3 types of organisms, classified by their atmospheric requirements?
- Aerobes  - Anaerobes  - Facultative
63
Give 2 Gram+ cocci?
- Staphylococcus  | - Streptococcus
64
Give a Gram+ bacilli
Clostridium
65
Give a Gram- cocci
Neisseria
66
Give 7 Gram- bacilli
- Escherinchia  - Salmonella  - Helicobacter - Pseudomonas  - Legionella  - Bacteriodes
67
What is the problem with spore forming groups of organisms?
They are difficult to eliminate with disinfection, because can withstand boiling
68
What are the major groups of prokaryotes?
- Bacteria  | - Archaea
69
What are the features of prokaryotes?
- No membrane-bound organelles  - 1 chromosome  - No introns  - Coupled transcription/translation - Very labile mRNA
70
What ribosomes to prokaryotes have?
70s (30s+50s)
71
What do all bacteria have?
Peptidoglycan cell wall
72
What prokaryotes don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls?
Mycoplasms
73
What are the major groups of eukaryotes?
#NAME?
74
What are the important features of eukaryotes?
- Membrane-bound organelles  - Many chromosomes  - Introns  - Compartmentalised transcription/translation  - Stabile and labile mRNA
75
What ribosomes do eukaryotes have?
80s (40s+60s)
76
Do eukaryotes have peptidoglycan cell walls?
No
77
What is infection?
The establishment of an organism on/in a hist associated with its multiplication and damage or dysfunction of host, specifically related to that microorganism or its product
78
What causes infection?
Pathogenic microbes; - Viruses  - Prions  - Bacteria  - Archaea  - Protozoa  - Fungi - Helminths
79
Why do particular individuals get particular infections?
- Encounter - Virulence vs. host resistance  - Innate and adaptive immunity
80
What influences the outcome of an infection?
- Encounter dose and route  - Virulence and host resistance  - Innate and adaptive immunity  - Timely diagnosis and treatment

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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