Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue form?

A

A huge continuum throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of connective tissue?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions and cartilage?

A

Solid skeletal functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 6 functions of connective tissues

A
  • Provide substance and form to body and organs
  • Provide medium for diffusion or nutrients and wastes
  • Attach muscle to bone, and bone to bone
  • Provide cushion between tissues and organs
  • Defend against infection
  • Injury repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the immune cells produced in bone marrow?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of connective tissue is particularly important in injury repair?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Lay down new cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main cellular tissue components?

A
  • Cells

- Extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is extracellular matrix present in all connective tissues?

A

Many, but not all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes extracellular matrix?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does extracellular matrix consist of?

A
  • Ground substance

- Fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up ground substance?

A

Hyalurone proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What fibres are found in the extra cellular matrix?

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do connective tissues differ in terms of?

A
  • Types of cell they contain
  • Abundance / destiny of their cells
  • Constitution of the extra cellular matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the constitution of the extra cellular matrix differ in terms of?

A
  • Ground substance composition

- Fibre type, abundance and arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the embryonic connective tissues?

A
  • Mesenchyme

- Mucous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the regular connective tissues?

A
  • Loose connective tissue

- Dense connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A
  • Regular

- Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the specialised connective tissues?

A
  • Adipose
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Lymphatic
  • Haemopoietic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What forms mesenchyme in the early embryo?

A

Mesodermal cells from the embryonic germ layer andfew ectodermal cells migrate and proliferate to form mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does mesenchyme consist of?

A

Multipotent progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does mesenchyme give rise to?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does mesenchyme give rise to it’s tissues?

A

Maturation and proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What appearance do mesenchymal tissues from the developing foetus have?

A

Tapering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why do mesenchymal tissues have a tapering appearance?

A

Because of cytoplasmic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do mesenchymal tissues have?

A

An abundance of viscous ground substance in the extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are mesenchymal tissues morphologically similar, or do they differ?

A

Similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What will mesenchymal cells give rise to?

A

Cells that differentiate into a variety of different cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Do mesenchymal tissues persist into adulthood?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do mesenchymal tissues do in adulthood?

A

Give rise to new connective tissue cells when healing required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does mucous connective tissue have?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the ground substance in mucous connective tissue occupy?

A

Large intercellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is found in cartilage ground substance?

A

Proteoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the proteoglycan monomer consist of?

A

Core protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is joined to the proteoglycan core protein?

A

~100 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are proteoglycan monomers attached to?

A

Hyaluronic acid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do hyaluronic acid molecules form?

A

Linear aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are proteoglycan monomers attached to hyaluronic acid molecules?

A

Link proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens to the linear aggregates of hyaluronic acid molecules?

A

They are interwoven with a network of collagen fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do GAGs attract?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why do GAGs attract water?

A

Because of the high density of negative charges on the GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the attraction of water to GAGs form?

A

A hydrated gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What forms a hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregate?

A

Hyaluric acid + attached proteoglycan monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the main constituent of ground substance?

A

Hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What lie within the ground substance consisting of hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates?

A
  • Cells of immune system
  • Fat cells
  • Fibres
  • Blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the most common protein in the body?

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many types of collagen have been identified?

A

At least 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most widely distributed collagen type?

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the structure of type I collagen

A

Fibrils aggregate into fibres, and fibre bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Give 3 places type I collagen is found

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does type II collagen differ from type I?

A

Fibrils do not form fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Give 2 places type II collagen is found?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage

- Elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is type III collagen also known as?

A

Reticulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does reticulin do?

A

Forms fibres around muscle and nerve cells, and with lymphatic tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is type IV collagen?

A

A unique form present in the basal lamina of the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What pattern does a type I collagen fibril have?

A

Periodic banding pattern that repeats every 68nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is each type I collagen fibril composed of?

A

Staggered collagen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How big is each type 1 collagen fibril?

A

300nm long, 1.5nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is a type 1 collagen fibril composed of?

A

A triple helix of α-chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is every 3rd amino acid in a type 1 collagen fibril?

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the result of every third amino acid of type 1 collagen molecules being glycine?

A

It makes it a very tough, flexible molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Are are fibroblasts intimately associated with?

A

Collagen fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What do collagen fibrils assemble from?

A

Procollagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What secrete procollagen?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What do fibroblasts have lots of?

A

RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What happens to collagen fibres in dense irregular connective tissues?

A

Thin collagen fibres aggregate in some areas to form collagen bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does the lymph nodes capsule contain?

A

Collagen bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What extends form the lymph node capsule into the node?

A

A trabecula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the purpose of the trabecular that extends from the lymph capsule to the node?

A

Strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What kind of collagen is important in the lymph node?

A

Reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What do the reticular fibres do in the lymph node?

A

Form an irregular anastomosing network throughout the node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What to the reticular fibres in the lymph nodes provide?

A

Something for the immune cells to bind to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is densely packed in spaces between fibres in the lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is elastin a primary component of?

A

Elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is elastin surrounded by?

A

Microfibrils called fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is an elastic fibre composed of?

A

Elastin + fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where do elastic fibres occur?

A

In connective tissues, to widely varying degrees

80
Q

Where do elastic fibres have an important role?

A
  • Dermis
  • Artery walls
  • Those sites bearing elastic cartilage
81
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibres in the artery walls?

A

It helps with blood circulation

82
Q

How do elastic fibres appear an TEM’s?

A
  • May have amorphous appearance and low electron density

- May have darkly staining fibrillin around it

83
Q

Where do fibrillin lay in relation to elastic fibres?

A

At periphery and within elastic fibre

84
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Marfan’s disorder?

A

Autosomal dominant

85
Q

What happens in Marfan’s disorder?

A

Expression of fibrillin gene is abnormal, such that elastic tissue is abnormal

86
Q

What is the presentation of Marfan’s disorder?

A
  • Abnormally tall
  • Exhibit arachnodactyly
  • Frequent joint dislocation
  • Can be at risk of aortic rupture
87
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a small elastic artery?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventita
88
Q

What is present in the tunica intima?

A

Indistinct endothelial cells

89
Q

What is in the tunica media?

A

Elastin lamallae

90
Q

What is in the tunica adventita?

A

Collagen

91
Q

What happens if the elastic fibres are compromised?

A

The arteries are compromised

92
Q

How could the tunica media be described in the aorta wall?

A

Very thick

93
Q

What is the aortal tunica media mainly made up of?

A

Elastic lamallae

94
Q

What are aortal elastic lamallae?

A

Fenestrated sheets of elastic stretching around the aorta

95
Q

Other than elastic lamellae, what else does the aortal tunica media contain?

A
  • Collagen
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Smooth muscle
96
Q

What is the significance of the smooth muscle in the tunica media?

A

They produce the elastin, collagen and matrix

97
Q

What does the mammary gland consist of?

A
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Loose irregular connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
98
Q

What does the loose irregular connective tissue of the mammary gland consist of?

A

Wispy collagen and many fibroblasts

99
Q

What does the dense irregular connective tissue of the mammary gland consist of?

A

Thicker and more abundant collagen fibres, fewer fibroblasts

100
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found in the gut?

A

The lamina propria between the crypts of Lieberkühn and the submucosa of the colon

101
Q

What does loose connective tissue consist of?

A
  • Lots of ground substance
  • Branching elastic fibres
  • Unbranching collagen fibres
  • Blood vessels
  • Mast cells
102
Q

What do the nuclei visible in micrographs of loose connective tissues mainly belong to?

A

Mainly fibroblasts

103
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis?

A

Loose, irregular connective tissue

104
Q

How is collagen arranged in the dermis?

A

Bundles are collagen are densely packed but irregularly arranged. They are orientated in various directions

105
Q

What is the result of the dermis having collagen having collagen fibres orientated in various directions?

A

The skin can resist forces in multiple directions, prevent tearing

106
Q

What happens to skin after it’s been folded?

A

Elastic fibres show a degree of stretch and restoration to original shape

107
Q

What surrounds glands?

A

A capsule of connective tissue

108
Q

What kind of connective tissue is in the capsule surrounding glands?

A

Can vary from loose to dense

109
Q

What does the type of connective tissue in the capsule depend on?

A

Location

110
Q

What feature of the capsule differs from gland to gland?

A

Toughness

111
Q

What is the purpose of the capsule?

A

Protects from injury and gives strength

112
Q

Where is the capsule found?

A
  • Adrenal gland
  • Thymus gland
  • Spleen
  • Ovary
  • Testis
  • Prostate
  • Joints

Virtually every gland

113
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect muscles to bones

114
Q

How do the collagen bundles lie in tendons?

A

In parallel

115
Q

In what direction is the densely packed formation of collagen bundles in tendons?

A

In line with the tensile force exerted by the muscle

116
Q

What are tendons adapted to do?

A

Take pull in one direction, therefore produce tissue that can take high tensile force

117
Q

What lies between collagen bundles in tendons?

A

Rows of elongated flattened fibroblasts

118
Q

What happens between skeletal muscle and tendon collagen bundles?

A

They interdigitate at myotendinous junctions

119
Q

What always lies between the collagen bundles and muscle fibres myofilaments?

A

The sarcolemma

120
Q

What must be between the tendon and muscle fibre?

A

Very tight junctions

121
Q

What do short ligaments do?

A

Connect bone to bone

122
Q

How is collagen arranged in ligaments?

A

Collagen bundles densely packed in parallel arrangement, but undulate and are arranged in fascicles

123
Q

What separates collagen bundles in ligaments?

A

Loose connective tissue

124
Q

What are 6-pack muscles called?

A

Rectus abdominus

125
Q

What do rectus abdominus have?

A

Aponeuroses

126
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

Flat tendons that are like sheets

127
Q

What aponeuroses are present in the rectus abdominus?

A

NAME?

128
Q

What are the muscles in the sides and hips called?

A

External oblique muscle

129
Q

Do the external oblique muscles have aponeuroses?

A

Yes

130
Q

What does the inguinal ligament connect?

A

The hip bone to the pubic bone

131
Q

What can you see of fibroblasts in micrographs?

A

Nuclei and cytoplasm

132
Q

How do fibroblasts produce collagen?

A

They secrete procollagen in secretory vesicles, which then self assemble into collagen fibrils

133
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesis and secrete?

A

Ground substance, and the fibres that are within ground substance

134
Q

Where are fibroblasts very important?

A

In wound healing

135
Q

What are fibroblast cells primarily responsible for?

A

Formation of scar tissue

136
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Blood monocytes

137
Q

Where are blood monocytes found?

A

Moving around in connective tissue

138
Q

When are blood monocytes particularly present?

A

If local inflammation, especially if chronic

139
Q

What kind of role to macrophages have?

A

Phagocytic

140
Q

What are macrophages able to do?

A

Degrade foreign organisms and cell debris

141
Q

What are macrophages said to be professionals in?

A

Antigen presenting

142
Q

What is meant by macrophages being professional antigen presenting cells?

A

They are able to present foreign material to T lymphocytes of the immune system

143
Q

What do macrophages contain?

A

NAME?

144
Q

What are pinocytic vesicles important for?

A

Uptake

145
Q

What do mast cells look like?

A

Blood basophils

146
Q

Are mast cells derived from basophils?

A

No

147
Q

What does the mast cell cytoplasm contain lots of?

A

Granules

148
Q

What do mast cell granules contain?

A
  • Heparin
  • Histamine
  • Substances that attract eosinophils and neutrophils
149
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticoagulant

150
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Increase blood vessel wall permeability

151
Q

What do mast cells do when there is a threat/trauma?

A

Release their granule contents very quickly

152
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

In connective tissues near blood vessels

153
Q

Where are mast cells absent from?

A

CNS

154
Q

Why are mast cells absent from the CNS?

A

To avoid the damaging effect of oedema there §

155
Q

What do mast cells become coated with?

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

156
Q

What is IgE?

A

Molecules which specifically bind allergens

157
Q

What happens when an allergen cross-links with the surface bound IgE molecules?

A

Contents of granules is rapidly released from mast cells

158
Q

What can secretions of mast cell granules result in?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, allergy and anaphylaxis

159
Q

What do some mesenchymal cells develop into that will eventually lead to the development of adipose tissue?

A

NAME?

160
Q

What are preadipocytes?

A

Fibroblast like cells which are committed to become lipoblasts

161
Q

How does a preadipocyte become a white adipocyte?

A

Preadipocyte → midstage lipoblast ↔ late lipoblast ↔ mature lipoblast (white adipocyte)

162
Q

What do midstage lipoblasts develop?

A

Numerous droplets in their cytoplasm

163
Q

What has happened in white adipose tissue?

A

The multiple lipid droplets fuse to form a single large droplet

164
Q

What does the large lipid droplet in white adipocytes do?

A

Displaces all other cell contents to the cell periphery

165
Q

What happens in brown adipose tissue?

A

The multiple lipid droplets remain separate

166
Q

What has happened to unilocular adipose cells (fat cells)?

A

They have been almost completely filled by a single fat droplet, so the cytoplasm has been displaced to the rim and the nucleus is to one side

167
Q

Of what kind is most of the adipose tissue in the body?

A

White

168
Q

Why do adipose tissues appear empty in typical H&E, wax embedded preparations?

A

Because the toluene and xylene used in tissue preparation has dissolved alway the lipid

169
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue?

A

NAME?

170
Q

Where is adipose tissue found in abundance?

A

Around joints

171
Q

Does white adipose tissue have a lot of cellular matrix?

A

No

172
Q

What do brown fat cells contain?

A

Many lipid droplets and a central nucleus

173
Q

What is brown adipose tissue also known as?

A

Multilocular adipose cells

174
Q

Where are brown adipose tissues found?

A

Close to scapula, sternum and axillae, especially in the newborn
Appear to be present in upper chest and neck of adults

175
Q

What is the purpose of brown adipose tissue?

A

Thermogenesis

176
Q

Why is brown adipose tissue brown?

A

Due to the rich vascular supply and abundant mitochondria

177
Q

Why does brown adipose tissue have a rich vascular supply and abundant mitochondria?

A

Because it has a high respiratory capacity for generation of heat

178
Q

How is the heat production of brown adipose tissue further promoted?

A

Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

179
Q

Who is non-shivering thermogenesis important in?

A

NAME?

180
Q

Where do cells of myeloid and lymphoid blood cell linages come from?

A

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell, HSC

181
Q

What happens to HSC in development?

A

NAME?

182
Q

Why is blood a special form of connective tissue?

A

Because the extracellular matrix is a liquid

183
Q

What are the different type of blood cells?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Small resting lymphocytes
184
Q

How many lobes are there in an neutrophil nucleus?

A

5

185
Q

What does a stick between connecting lobes of erythrocytes indicate?

A

A female

186
Q

What is true of a small resting lymphocyte until it’s activated?

A

It’s cytoplasm is filled by nucleus

187
Q

Describe the matrix of cartilage

A

Amorphous but firm

188
Q

What do collagen fibres form in cartilage?

A

An imperceptible networ

189
Q

What produce the cartilage matrix?

A

Chondroblasts

190
Q

When happens when chondroblasts mature?

A

They turn into chondrocytes, and lie in the lacunae

191
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • Supports and reinforces
  • Resilient cushioning properties
  • Resists compressive stress
192
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A
  • Forms most of embryonic skeleton
  • Covers end of long bonds in joint cavities
  • Forms costal cartilages of the ribs
  • Cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx
193
Q

Describe the matrix of bone

A

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibres

194
Q

Where do osteocytes lie?

A

In lacunae

195
Q

Is bone well vascularised or not?

A

Yes, very well

196
Q

What is the function of bone?

A
  • Supports and protects
  • Provides levers for muscles to act on
  • Stores calcium and other minerals and fats
  • Marrow inside bones is site for blood cell formation
197
Q

What is the name for blood cell formation?

A

Hematopoiesis

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions