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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Internal Surfaces of the Body > Flashcards

Internal Surfaces of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of places do mucous membranes line?

A

Certain internal tubes which open to the exterior

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2
Q

Give 3 places where mucous membranes line

A

NAME?

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3
Q

What do mucusoe bear to a varying degree?

A

Mucus-secreting cells

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4
Q

What do mucous membranes consist of?

A
  • Epithelium

- Adjacent later of connective tissue

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5
Q

What do mucus membranes in the alimentary tract have?

A

A third layer consisting of smooth muscle

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6
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in mucous membranes?

A

Depends on site

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7
Q

What does the epithelium of the mucous membrane line?

A

The lumen of the tube

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8
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue in mucus membranes often referred to?

A

Lamina propria

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9
Q

What is the layer of smooth muscle isn the alimentary tract called?

A

Muscularis mucosae

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10
Q

Are serous membranes thick or thin?

A

Thin

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11
Q

How many parts do serous membranes consist of?

A

2

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12
Q

What kind of places do serous membranes line?

A

Closed body cavities (spaces that don’t open to the exterior)

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13
Q

What do serous membranes envelope?

A

The viscera

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14
Q

What do serous membranes secrete?

A

Lubricating fluid

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the serous membranes secretions?

A

Promotes relatively friction free movement of the structures they surround

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16
Q

What do serous membranes consist of?

A

NAME?

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17
Q

What does the mesothelium in serous membranes do?

A

Secrete watery lubricating fluid

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the connective tissue in serous membranes?

A

NAME?

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19
Q

What happens, regarding the serous membrane, during embryological development?

A

The heart, lungs and gut develop next to a bag-like cavity in which they invaginate

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20
Q

What is the result of the invagination of the heart, lungs and gut?

A

They are surrounded by serous membrane. They don’t lie within a serous cavity, they are surrounded by it

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21
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

Membrane that surrounds the heart

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardial sac

A

NAME?

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardial sac?

A

Allows the heart to beat

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24
Q

Does everything in the abdomen have serosa around it?

A

No

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25
Q

Give two examples of something in the abdomen without serosa around it

A
  • Kidneys

- Bladder

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26
Q

What organs are intraperitonial?

A

NAME?

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27
Q

What is the gut mesentery?

A

A thin strand of peritoneum going out, wrapping around and folding back in again, that leads to the ileum

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28
Q

What does the alimentary canal consist of?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine (duodenum, jejenum and ileum)
  • Colon
  • Rectum
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29
Q

What feeds into the alimentary canal?

A

Accessory glands-

  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
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30
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A
  • Mucosa (innermost)
  • Submucosa
  • External muscle layer
  • Serosa
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31
Q

What is the submucosa made up of?

A

Connective tissue

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32
Q

What is the external muscle layer of the gut wall known as?

A

Muscularis externae

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33
Q

When is the serosa present in the gut wall?

A

If an intraperitoneal portion of the gut

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34
Q

What does the mucosa of the gut wall line?

A

The lumen

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35
Q

What does the mucosa of the gut wall consist of?

A
  • Muscularis mucosae
  • Lamina propria
  • Epithelium
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36
Q

What epithelium does most of the gut have?

A

Simple columnar

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37
Q

What is often present in the lamina propria?

A

Peyer’s patches

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38
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes

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39
Q

Where in the lamina propria are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Near the lumen

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40
Q

Why are Peyer’s patches found near the lumen/

A

Because it’s where bacterial attack occurs

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41
Q

What do Peyer’s patches do?

A

Produce igA’s to combat bateria and their toxins

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42
Q

What happens as you get further down to gut, towards the colon?

A

There are more aggregations of lymphocytes

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43
Q

What is the purpose of mucosal glands in the lamina propria?

A

They feed mucus into the gut

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44
Q

What is present in the submucosa?

A

Glands, arteries and nerves

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45
Q

What is the purpose of the arteries in the submucosa?

A

They keep the tissue alive

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46
Q

What do the glands in the submucosa produce?

A

Secretory products that then go into the gut lumen

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47
Q

Why is the submucosa often quite a loose tissue?

A

Because it allows it to change shape as muscles squeeze

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48
Q

What does the muscularis externa consist of?

A

Two layers of smooth muscle-

  • Outer longitudinal layer
  • Inner circular layer
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49
Q

What shape do both layers of muscle in the muscularis externa form?

A

Spirals

  • Inner one very tight
  • Outer one very relaxed
50
Q

What is produced in the muscularis externa?

A

Successive peristaltic waves

51
Q

What is the purpose of the successive peristaltic waves in the muscularis externa?

A

Moves luminal contents along the cut

52
Q

What kind of membrane is the serosa around the outermost layer of the gut wall?

A

Serous

53
Q

What does the mesentery contain?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatic vessels
54
Q

Are cells normally contiguous in connective tissue?

A

No

55
Q

What does connective tissue product a lot of?

A

Extra cellular material

56
Q

What is the most fundamental fibre producing cell?

A

A fibroblast

57
Q

What does connective tissue contain a lot of?

A

Immune system cells

58
Q

What does the oesophagus consist of?

A

NAME?

59
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

60
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

Withstand abrasion

61
Q

Is the lamina propria in the oesophagus tight or loose?

A

Loose

62
Q

What does the lamina propria in the oesophagus contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Some smooth muscle cells
  • Many cells of the immune system
63
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae of the oesophagus?

A

A thin layer of smooth muscle cells

64
Q

What does the submucosa of the oesophagus contain?

A

Mucus secreting glands

65
Q

What is the importance of the muscularis externae in the oesophagus?

A

It moves food by peristalsis

66
Q

What is the adventita of the oesophagus?

A

A thin, outermost layer of connective tissue

67
Q

Does the oesophagus have peritoneal enfolding?

A

No

68
Q

What happens to the oesophagus when it’s not containing something?

A

The lumen is convoluted

69
Q

What does the stomach consist of?

A

NAME?

70
Q

What does the gastric mucosa do?

A

Secretes acid, digestive enzymes, and the hormone gastrin

71
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are there in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

3

72
Q

What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

NAME?

73
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds of gastic mucosa, forming longitudinal ridges in the empty stomach

74
Q

What are the ridges of the rugae a feature of?

A

The submucosa being flexible

75
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Does most of the absorbance of nutrients

76
Q

What does the jejunum consist of?

A
  • Jejunal mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Plicae ciculares
77
Q

What does the jejunal mucosa consist of?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
78
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Circular folds of mucosa and submucosa that project into the gut lumen

79
Q

What does the large intestine contain?

A
  • Numerous crypts of Lieberkühn

- Peyer’s patches

80
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkühn?

A

Tubular glands with lots of simple goblet cells in each

81
Q

What epithelium is found in the crypts of Lieberkühn?

A

Simple columnar

82
Q

What do the crypts provide?

A
  • Lots of mucus

- Cells to the surface

83
Q

What do the surface epithelial cells absorb?

A

Water and electrolytes

84
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

The nasal cavity → bronchioles

85
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

To get air down to respiratory portion

86
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles → alveoli

87
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory portion?

A

Where gas exchange happens

88
Q

What is the purpose of the tracheal wall?

A

To hold the trachea open

89
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the tracheal wall?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

90
Q

What does the fibroelastic membrane of the tracheal wall contain?

A

The trachealis muscle

91
Q

What does the wall of the trachea have lots of?

A

Mucus glands

92
Q

How are the walls of the trachea connected to the mucus glands?

A

Ducts

93
Q

What to primary bronchi have?

A

Complete rings of cartilage

94
Q

What happens to the rings of cartilage as the bronchi get smaller?

A

They become crescents

95
Q

What epithelium do bronchi have?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated

96
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

97
Q

Why don’t bronchioles need cartilage?

A

The surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open

98
Q

What epithelium is in the bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar → cuboidal as it gets narrower

99
Q

What are the types of cells in the alveoli?

A
  • Type I

- Type II

100
Q

What epithelium is found in type I alveoli cells?

A

Squamous

101
Q

How much of the alveolar surface area do type I cells cover?

A

90%

102
Q

What is the purpose of the type I alveolar cells?

A

Permit gas exchange with the capillaries

103
Q

What epithelium is found in the type II alveolar cells?

A

Cuboidal

104
Q

What is the purpose of the type II alveolar cells?

A

Produce surfactant so alveoli stay open

105
Q

What lines the alveolar surface?

A

Numerous macrophages

106
Q

What is the purpose of the macrophages at the alveolar surface?

A

Phagocytose particles

107
Q

What does gas exchange occur over?

A

Blood-air barrier

108
Q

What must gas pass through to get from the alveolus to the blood?

A

2 squamous cells

109
Q

What 2 squamous cells must gas pass through to get from the alveoli to the blood?

A

NAME?

110
Q

What are the capillaries surrounded by?

A

A ‘basketwork’ of capillaries and elastic fibres

111
Q

What does the urinary tract consist of?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
112
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Main job is to filter blood, to get rid of toxins and put them into urine

113
Q

What must the bladder be able to do?

A

Distend

114
Q

What does the ureter consist of?

A
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Fibroelastic lamina propria
  • Circular muscularis externia
115
Q

What happens to the stellate urethral lumen as urine passes through?

A

It becomes ovoid

116
Q

What does the bladder wall consist of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Smooth muscle in lamina propria
  • 3 interwoven layers of muscularis externae
117
Q

What epithelium does the bladder wall have?

A

Transitional

118
Q

How is the impermeability to urine of the bladder wall conferred?

A

By the thick plasma membrane and tight intercellular junctions

119
Q

How does the bladder wall appear when relaxed?

A

Folded

120
Q

What is the job of the bladder wall?

A

To protect underlying tissues from toxins and stretching

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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