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ANAT 316 > The Face and Senses > Flashcards

The Face and Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The eye is connected to the central nervous system via the:

A

Optic nerve (CN II)

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2
Q
A

Sphenoid

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3
Q
A

Zygomatic

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4
Q
A

Maxilla

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5
Q
A

Lacrimal

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6
Q
A

Ethmoid

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7
Q
A

Optic canal

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8
Q
A

Frontal

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9
Q

Where is the upper border of the orbit?

A

the frontal bone

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10
Q

Where is the medial border of the orbit?

A

formed from the frontal bone, the fronal process of the maxilla an the lacrimal bone

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11
Q

Where is the lower border of the orbit?

A

consists of the maxilla and zygomatic bones, also known as the infraorbital margin

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12
Q

Where is the lateral border of the orbit?

A

forms the frontal process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

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13
Q

Where is the roof of the orbit?

A

is a part of the frontal bone’s orbital plate

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14
Q

Where is the floor of the orbit?

A

made of the maxilla and zygomatic bones

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15
Q

Where is the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

consists of the zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid bone

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16
Q

Where is the medial wall of the orbit?

A

the frontal process of the maxilla and the lacrimal and ethmoid bones form this wall

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17
Q
A

Optic nerve

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18
Q
A

Choroid

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19
Q
A

Sclera

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20
Q
A

Vitreous body

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21
Q
A

Retina

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22
Q
A

Lens

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23
Q
A

Anterior compartment

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24
Q
A

Cornea

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25
Q
A

Pupil

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26
Q
A

Iris

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27
Q
A

Ciliary body and muscle

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28
Q

Outer layer of the Eye

A
  • cornea

- sclera

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29
Q

Middle layer (Choroid) of the eye

A
  • blood supply
  • pupil
  • iris
  • muscles controlling the lens and pupil
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30
Q

Deep layer (the retina) of the eye

A
  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Fovea Centralis
  • Optic disc
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31
Q

Chambers of the Eye

A
  • Anterior chamber
  • Posterior chamber
  • Vitreous body
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32
Q

Anterior chamber of the eye

A

This diameter contains a liquid, the aqueous humor, and the pupil

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33
Q

Posterior chamber of the eye

A

It is posterior to the iris, also contains aqueous humor, and surrounds the lens

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34
Q

Vitreous body

A

This is behind the lens forming the majority of the organ; it is filled with the gelatinous vitreous humor

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35
Q

Intraocular muscles

A
  • Ciliary muscles
  • Dilator Pupillae
  • Sphincter pupillae
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36
Q

Extraocular muscles

A
  • 6 extraocular muscles + the levator palpebrae superioris
  • control eye movement
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
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37
Q

Ciliary muscles (function, innervation)

A
  • control the thickness of the lens via the suspensory ligaments
  • under parasympathetic nervous control by cranial nerve 3 via the ciliary ganglion
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38
Q

Dilator and Sphincter Pupillae

A
  • control the amount of light entering the pupil
  • sphincter pupillae are under parasymethetic nervous control by cranial nerve 3 via the ciliary ganglion
  • dilator pupillae is under sympathetic nervous control
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39
Q
A

Superior rectus

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40
Q
A

Lateral Rectus

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41
Q
A

Inferior oblique

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42
Q
A

medial rectus

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43
Q
A

Superior oblique

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44
Q
A

Medial rectus

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45
Q
A

Lateral rectus

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46
Q
A

Superior rectus

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47
Q
A

Common tendinous ring

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48
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the superior rectus

A

Elevation

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49
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the inferior rectus

A

Depression

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50
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the medial rectus

A

In (adduction)

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51
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the lateral rectus

A

Out (abduction)

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52
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the superior oblique

A

abduction and depression

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53
Q

Movement of the eyeball by the inferior oblique

A

abduction and elevation

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54
Q
A

Superior rectus

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55
Q
A

Lateral rectus

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56
Q
A

Medial rectus

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57
Q
A

Superior oblique

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58
Q
A

Optic nerve

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59
Q

Which orbital muscles does oculomotor nerve (CN 3) supply

A

all of the orbital muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique

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60
Q

CN 6 supplies which oribital muscles

A

lateral rectus

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61
Q

CN 4 supplies which oribital muscles

A

Superior oblique

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62
Q

The sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord at ________, travel up the ________, and synapse in the __________

A
  • T1
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Superior cervical ganglion
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63
Q

Interruption in the sympathetic pathway leads to:

A

ptosis (drooping of eyelid) and permanently constricted pupil

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64
Q

The parasympathetic pathway innervates:

A

the lacramal gland and the interior surface of the eye

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65
Q

Describe the innervation of the lacrimal gland and what the activation of this pathway leads to

A
  • Preganglionic nerve fibres from the facial nerve (CN 7) synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion and travel to the lacrimal gland
  • Activation of this pathway leads to contraction of the smooth muscle of the lacrimal gland producing tears
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66
Q

Innervation of the interior surface of the eye

A
  • The oculomotor nerve (CN 3) sends preganglionic fibres to the ciliary ganglion (directly behind the eyeball)
  • Some postganglionic axons travel to the sphincter puppillae, while others travel to the ciliary muscle of the lens
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67
Q

Conjunctiva

A

a continuous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids and blends into the cornea

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68
Q

Tarsal plates

A

thick fascial core of the eyelids

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69
Q

Palperbral fissure

A

opening of the eyelids

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70
Q

The lacrimal glands (where are they situated? Where do their ducts enter? pathway of tears?)

A
  • situated at the upper, outer orbit
  • their ducts enter the conjunctival sacs
  • tears migrate medially into the lacrimal duct via the lacrimal punctum
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71
Q

The pharynx

A

a muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervical vertbrae

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72
Q

3 layers of the pharynx

A
  1. the inner mucosa
  2. the middle fibrous tissue
  3. the outer muscular layer
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73
Q

The pharynx communicates anteriorly with the:

A
  • nasal cavity
  • mouth
  • larynx
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74
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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75
Q

Nasopahrynx (where does it open? How does it communicate with the middle ear?)

A
  • opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity via the choanae
  • communicates with the middle ear by means of the tympanic (or Eustachian) tube, whose opening is on the side wall of the pharynx
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76
Q

Oropharynx (location? how does it connect to the mouth?)

A
  • extends from the soft palate down to the hyoid bone

- it is connected to the mouth through the fauces; this is the arch connecting the mouth to the pharynx

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77
Q

Laryngopharynx (where is it located? where is the opening to the larynx? what protects the entrance to the larynx?)

A
  • This extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
  • The opening to the larynx is located in the wall of the proximal laryngopharynx
  • The entrance is protected by the epiglottis
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78
Q
A

Nasal cavity

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79
Q
A

Hard palate

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80
Q
A

Lip

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81
Q
A

Vestibule

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82
Q
A

Larynx

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83
Q
A

Trachea

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84
Q
A

Esophagus

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85
Q
A

Laryngo-pharynx

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86
Q
A

Oral pharynx

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87
Q
A

Nasal pharynx

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88
Q
A

Uvula

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89
Q
A

Nasal cavity

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90
Q
A

Hard palate

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91
Q

3 types of tonsils

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil
  2. Palatine tonsil
  3. Lingual tonsil
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92
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

a single entity and is located at the posterior wall of the top of the parynx

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93
Q

Palatine tonsils

A
  • are paired and sit in a depression at the base of the fauces, with one on each side
  • oval and have an upper and lower pole
  • they rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base
  • easily removed surgically
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94
Q

Lingual tonsils

A
  • are small cluster of lymphoid tissue found on the posterior part of the tongue
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95
Q
A

uvula

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96
Q
A

Palatine tonsil

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97
Q
A

Tongue

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98
Q
A

Fauces

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99
Q

2 parts of the mouth

A
  1. Vestibule

2. Oral Cavity - the mouth proper

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100
Q

Vestibule

A
  • located between the lips and gums (and teeth)

- lined by a mucous membrane and contains the opening of the duct of the parotid gland opposite the upper second cavity

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101
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • contains the tongue
  • roof (the palates)
  • floor (beneath the tongue)
  • two walls (the teeth)
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102
Q

Two muscle groups of the tongue

A
  • Intrinsic muscles

- Extrinsic muscles

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103
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (location, fibers, function)

A
  • make up the body of the tongue
  • consist of three groups of fibers: verticle, longitudinal and transverse fibers
  • responsible for altering the shape of the tongue
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104
Q

4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
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105
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • this muscle pulls the tongue forward
  • originates from the genial tubercle on the inside of the mandible
  • inserts on the base of the tongue
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106
Q

Hyoglossus

A
  • originates on the hyoid bone
  • it is paired
  • each individual muscle inserts on one side of the tongue
  • depressed the tongue laterally
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107
Q

Styloglossus

A
  • originates on the styloid process
  • inserts onto the side of the tongue
  • functions to elevate and retract the tongue
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108
Q

Palatoglossus

A
  • runs from the side of the palate to enter the tongue

- elevates the tongue

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109
Q
A

Palatoglossus

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110
Q
A

Styloglossus

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111
Q
A

Hypoglossus

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112
Q
A

Genioglossus

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113
Q
A

Genial tubercle

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114
Q
A

Palatoglossus

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115
Q
A

Styloglossus

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116
Q
A

Hypoglossus

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117
Q
A

Genioglossus

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118
Q
A

Vertical

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119
Q
A

Transverse

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120
Q
A

Longitudinal

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121
Q

Papillae

A

specialized processes that are contained within the unique mucosa that covers the tongue

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122
Q

Where are most of the papillae concentrated?

A

the top and the side of the tongue

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123
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

the mid-line which tethers the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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124
Q

Suluc terminalis

A

V-shaped groove two thirds back from the tip of the tongue, sepearating the tongue into an anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

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125
Q
A

Hard palate

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126
Q
A

Soft palate

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127
Q
A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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128
Q
A

Uvula

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129
Q
A

Pharynx

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130
Q
A

Esophagus

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131
Q
A

Trachea

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132
Q
133
Q
134
Q
135
Q
136
Q
A

Sulcus terminalis

137
Q
138
Q

Motor innervation of the tongue

A

all of the muscle are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) excpet the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN 10)

139
Q

Sensory innervation of the tongue

A
  • On the anterior 2/3 of the tongue there is V3 innervation for general sensation and CN 7 innervation for taste
  • On the posterior 1/3 of the tongue CN 9 relays both general sensation and taste
140
Q

3 salivary glands

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Submandibular gland
  • Sublingual glands
141
Q

Parotid gland (location? where do its ducts empty? what does it secrete? innervation?)

A
  • located in front of the ear (parotid means in front of the ear)
  • its duct empties into the mouth opposite the upper second molar
  • secretes mostly a serous liquid
  • innervated by CN 9
142
Q

Submandibular gland (where is it located? where is its ducts opening and location? what does it secrete? innervation?)

A
  • rests around the angle of the jaw
  • its duct runs forward under the tongue and its opening is close to the base of the frenulum
  • it secretes a mixed serous and mucous fluid
  • innervated by CN 7
143
Q

Sublingual glands (where is it located? where do its ducts open? innervation?)

A
  • sit on the floor of each side of the mouth, lateral to the duct of the submandibular gland
  • multiple ducts from this gland empty, by a series of small openings, into the floor of the mouth or they may open into the submandibular ducts
  • innervated by CN 7
144
Q
A

Parotid gland

145
Q
A

Submandibular gland

146
Q

Names of teeth that each half jaw contains:

A
  • 2 incisors
  • 1 canine
  • 2 premolars
  • 3 molars
147
Q

Innervation of the upper jaw and teeth

A

innervated by the maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

148
Q

Innervation of the lower jaw and teeth

A

innervated by the mandibular component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

149
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • prevents food from entering the airway by covering the entrance
  • proximally protects the larynx
150
Q

The organ of phonation

A

the larynx

151
Q

The external skeleton of the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage

- cricoid cartilage

152
Q

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx (size, shape, made of, features)

A
  • largest cartilage
  • shaped like a shield
  • made of hyaline cartilage
  • has an anterior prominence where the two sides meet forming the adam’s apple
  • each side has a prominent superior and inferior horn
  • the superior horn articulates with the hyoid bone
  • the inferior horn articulates with the cricoid cartilage
153
Q

Cricoid cartilage of the larynx (shape, features)

A
  • shaped like a signet ring and is wide posteriorly
  • articlulates with the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
  • between the thyroid and cricoid structures anteriorly is the cricothyroid ligament
154
Q

Internal skeleton of the larynx

A
  • Arytenoids

- Epiglottal cartilage

155
Q

Arytenoids (how many, shape, articulates with, controlled by, anterior processes, what attaches to these processes, any other process)

A
  • paired, pyramidal structures
  • articulate with the back of the cricoid cartilage
  • controlled by muscles that cause them to rotate horizontally
  • anterior processes are called the vocal processes
  • vocal cords attach to the vocal processes
  • Postero-laterally is a muscular process
156
Q

Epiglottal cartilage (Type of cartilage, shape, location, what happens during swallowing)

A
  • elastic type of cartilage
  • racket-shaped
  • attached to the inside of the front of the thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottis is lined with respiratory epithelium on its underside
  • when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage raises and the epiglottis drops to close off the laryngeal opening
157
Q
A

Hyoid bone

158
Q
A

Thyroid cartilage

159
Q
A

Left lobe of thyroid gland

160
Q
A

Cricoid cartilage

161
Q
162
Q
A

Isthmus of thyroid gland

163
Q
A

Right lobe of thyroid gland

164
Q
A

Greater hyoid cornu

165
Q
A

Cricothyroid

166
Q
A

Tracheal rings

167
Q
A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

168
Q

Membranes of the larynx

A
  • Quadrangular membrane

- Triangular membrane

169
Q

Quadrangular membrane (upper or lower? anteriorly attached? posteriorly attached? lower free border name)

A
  • upper membrane
  • anteriorly attached to the sides of the epiglottis and the thyroid
  • posteriorly attached to the arytenoids
  • has a lower free border called the false vocal cords
170
Q

Triangular membrane (Upper or lower? AKA? Lower border is attached to? Upper border is attached to? Attaches to?)

A
  • lower membrane
  • also called the conus elasticus
  • its lower border is attached to the cricoid cartilage
  • its upper border is free, forming the vocal cords
  • attaches to the vocal processes and to the inside of the thyroid cartilage
  • also called the cricothyroid ligament
171
Q

Rima glottidis

A
  • the opening between the vocal folds
  • the muscles that act on the arytenoid, cricoid and thyroid cartilages change the width of this opening and the tension on the vocal cords
172
Q

What is the largest muscle controlling the larynx?

A

the cricothyroid

173
Q

Motor innervation of the larynx

A

the reccurent laryngeal nerves, which branches from the vagus nerve, innervate all muscles except the cricothyroid, which is served by the external laryngeal nerve, which is also a branch of the vagus

174
Q

Sensory innervation of the larynx

A

above the vocal cords sensory information is carried by the superior laryngeal nerves, while below vocal cords it is carried by the recurrent laryngeal nerves

175
Q
A

Quadrangular membrane

176
Q
A

False vocal cords

177
Q
A

True vocal cords

178
Q
A

Triangular membrane

179
Q
180
Q
A

Rima glottidis

181
Q
A

Vocal process

182
Q
183
Q

Temporomandibular joint movements

A
  • this joint allows for opening and closing of the mouth and limites side to side movements
  • it is a synovial joint with a disc to facilitate complex movement
184
Q

Temporomandibular joint bones

A
  • the condyle (head) of the jaw articulates with the mandibular fossa in the base of the temporal bone
  • the back of the socket is concave, but anteriorly the joint surface is convex, so that as the jaw moves forward there is some physiological (that is, natural) dislocation
185
Q
A

Temporalis

186
Q
187
Q
A

Orbicularis

188
Q
A

Buccinator

189
Q
A

Orbicularis oris

190
Q

Sternomastoid muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • divides the neck into the anterior and posterior triangles
  • originates on the manubrium and the medial end of the clavicle
  • inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone
  • turns the head to the opposite side
  • innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN 11)
191
Q

Scalene muscles (location, origin, insertion, function, innervated)

A
  • 3 scalene muscles found in the posterior triangle: anterior, middle, and posterior
  • all 3 originate from the transverse process of the middle to lower cervical vertebrae
  • anterior division inserts on the scalene tubercle of the first rib
  • middle division inserts behind it and the subclavian artery passes between the two insertions
  • posterior division inserts onto the second rib
  • they raise the thoracic cage as secondary muscles of respiration
  • they are innervated by small twigs from the cervical nerves
192
Q
A

Stylohyoid

193
Q
A

Anterior digastric

194
Q
A

Posterior digastric

195
Q
A

Thyrohyoid

196
Q
A

Sternomastoid

197
Q
A

Scalene muscles

198
Q
199
Q

Muscles of the floor of the mouth (3)

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Stylohyoid
200
Q

Mylohyoid muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • makes up the floor of the mouth
  • originates on the inside of the mandible
  • inserts on the hyoid bone and upon its opposite partner by means of a raphe
  • elevates the hyoid bone
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
201
Q

Digastric muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • has an anterior and posterior belly
  • the posterior belly runs down from the mastoid process
  • the anterior belly runs up to the side of the genial tubercle
  • help depress the mouth and elevates the hyoid
  • the anterior belly is innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
  • the posterior belly is innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
202
Q

Stylohyoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • originates from the styloid process
  • inserts on the body of the hyoid bone
  • elevates the hyoid bone
  • innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
203
Q
A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

204
Q
A

Posterior belly of the digastric muscle

205
Q
A

Hyoid bone

206
Q
A

Mylohyoid muscle

207
Q
208
Q
A

Temporalis

209
Q
210
Q
A

Lateral pterygoid

211
Q
A

Medial pterygoid

212
Q

Muscles of mastication (4)

A
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid
213
Q

Temporalis muscle (shape, location, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • large fan-shaped muscle occupying the temporal fossa
  • its fibers pass through the zygomatic arch and insert on the coronoid process of the mandible
  • Its function is to close the mouth
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
214
Q

Masseter muscle (origin, insertion, innervation)

A
  • originates on the zygomatic arch
  • inserts onto the outside of the angle of mandible
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
215
Q

Medial pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • originates from the inside of the lateral pterygoid plate
  • inserts on the deep angle of the jaw
  • closes the mouth
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
216
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A
  • arise from the greater wing and outer lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
  • inserts on the neck of the mandibular condyle
  • when contracted, it causes protrusion of the jaw
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
217
Q
A

Superior constrictor

218
Q
A

Middle constrictor

219
Q
A

Thryohyoid

220
Q
A

Inferior constrictor

221
Q

Muscles of the pharynx

A
  • Superior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
222
Q

Superior constrictor

A
  • originates from the medial pterygoid plate and the ptergomandibular raphe
  • shares an origin with the buccinator
  • supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)
223
Q

The middle constrictor

A
  • originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the hyoid bone

- supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)

224
Q

Inferior constrictor

A
  • originates from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

- supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)

225
Q

Muscles of the faces

A
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Orbicularis occuli
  • Buccinator
226
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • the circular muscle that orbits the mouth

- its function is to protrude the lips

227
Q

Orbicularis occuli

A
  • this muscle surround the orbit

- it closes the eyes when contracted

228
Q

Buccinator

A
  • principle muscle of the neck
  • orginates from the pterygomandibular raphe and the mandible
  • inserts onto the corner of the mouth
  • helps the muscles of mastication by moving the food around in the mouth
229
Q

Muscles of the scalp

A

Frontalis and occipitalis

230
Q

Frontalis (origin, insertion, innervation)

A
  • originates from the eyebrows
  • insert into the fronto-occipital aponeurosis
  • Inneravted by facial nerve (CN 7)
231
Q

Occipitalis (origin, insertion, innervation)

A
  • originates from the occipital bone
  • inserts into the fronto-occipital aponeurosis
  • innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
232
Q

Layers of the scalpe

A

(Spells SCALP)

  • Skin
  • Connective tissue
  • Aponeurosis
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Periosteum (bone)
233
Q

Fronto-occipital aponeurosis

A

a thick layer of fascia crossing the head

234
Q

External nose

A
  • 2 nostrils
  • paired nasal bones
  • 2 sets of hyaline cartilages
  • septal cartilage
  • 2 lateral plates
  • 2 alar cartilages
235
Q

Septal cartilage

A

forms the interior part of the septum and unites posteriorly with the bony septum

236
Q
A

nasal bone

237
Q
A

lateral cartilage

238
Q
A

alar cartilage

239
Q

Internal nose

A
  • links the external nose to the choanae
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
  • sphenoid
  • palatine bones
  • cribiform plate
  • spheno-ethmoidal recess
  • superior, middle, inferior meatus
  • maxillary sinus
  • nasolacrimal duct
240
Q
A

Sinus of frontal bone

241
Q
A

Nasal bone

242
Q
A

alar cartilage

243
Q
A

Sphenoid sinus

244
Q
A

Cribiform plate

245
Q
A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

246
Q
A

Superior meatus

247
Q
A

Middle meatus

248
Q
A

Maxillary sinus

249
Q
A

Nasolacrimal duct

250
Q
A

Inferior meatus

251
Q

Paranasal air sinuses

A

lines spaces inside the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones which have ducts to empty into the nasal cavity

252
Q

Maxillary sinus

A
  • a large space in the maxilla
  • duct drains into the middle meatus
  • its opening, the ostium, is high on the medial wall
253
Q

Ethmoid sinuses

A
  • series of small air-lined pockets in the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone
  • easily seen in the medial wall of the orbit
  • the anterior group drains into the middle meatus and the posterior group drains into the superior meatus
254
Q

Frontal sinus (location, where do their ducts drain)

A
  • large spaces are found above the margin of the orbit and their long ducts drain into the middle meatus
255
Q

Sphenoidal sinus

A
  • Two spaces in the body of the sphenoid bone, one on each side
  • They drain into the spheno-ethmoidal recess
256
Q
A

Middle ethmoid sinuses

257
Q
A

Posterior Ethmoidal Sinuses

258
Q
A

Maxillary sinus

259
Q
A

Anterior ethmoidal sinus

260
Q
A

Frontal sinus

261
Q
A

Frontal sinus

262
Q
A

Posterior ethmoid sinus

263
Q
264
Q
A

Anterior ethmoid sinus

265
Q
A

Maxillary sinus

266
Q
A

Maxillary sinus

267
Q
A

Nasolacrimal duct

268
Q
269
Q
A

Spheno ethmoidal recess

270
Q
A

Sphenoid sinus

271
Q

External ear

A
  • external acoustic canal
  • auricle
  • tympanic membrane
272
Q

Auricle is made of what type of cartilage

A

made up of elastic cartilage

273
Q

External acoustic canal

A
  • The lateral third of the canal is cartilaginous and the medial two thirds are bony
  • The outer part has hair, sebaceous glands and ceruminous (wax) glands
  • The distal end of the canal is blocked by the bilaminar tympanic membrane, known commonly as the ear drum
274
Q

Middle ear

A
  • a chamber in the temporal bone
  • contains the ossicles
  • round and oval windows
275
Q

Ossicles

A

the entrance to the auditory tube, a connection within the mastoid air cells and the round and oval windows

276
Q
277
Q
278
Q
279
Q

How do the ossicles transmit sound waves to the inner ear?

A

The malleus, incus, and stapes bones connect the tympanic membrane, via synovial joints, to the oval window and its membrane, and thus transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

280
Q

Internal ear

A
  • Bony labyrinth
  • Membranous labyrinth
  • Endolymph fluid
  • Perilymph fluid
  • Cochlea
  • ## Vestibular apparatus
281
Q

The vestibular and cochlear components of CN V3 travel to the brain via the ___________

A

internal acoustic meatus

282
Q
A

External ear

283
Q
A

Accoustic canal

284
Q
A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

285
Q
A

Eustachian tube

286
Q
A

Cochlear duct

287
Q
A

Round window

288
Q
289
Q
A

Semicircular canals

290
Q
A

Oval window

291
Q
A

Middle ear

292
Q

Describe the pathways of the carotid artieries in the head and neck

A
  • The common carotid artery ascends in the neck in the carotid sheath along with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
  • The common carotid bifurcates into the internal (which enters the brain) and external carotid arteries
  • The bifurcation is at the same level as the top of the thyroid cartilage
293
Q

External carotid artery supplies:

A

the face and neck

294
Q

Branches of the external carotid artery:

A
  • Superior thyroid
  • Lingual
  • Facial
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Maxillary
  • Superficial temporal
295
Q
A

Maxillary artery

296
Q
A

Facial artery

297
Q
A

Lingual artery

298
Q
A

External carotid

299
Q
A

Superior thyroid artery

300
Q
A

Internal jugular

301
Q
A

Internal carotid

302
Q
303
Q
A

Occipital artery

304
Q
A

Posterior auricular artery

305
Q

Internal carotid enters the skull through the:

A

carotid canal

306
Q

Carotid siphon

A

S or U shaped turns of the internal carotid artery that sits on either side of the pituitary gland and its distal end runs through the cavernous sinus

307
Q

Vertebral arteries

A
  • The paired vertebral arteries run up the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull via the foramen magnum
  • They give off branches in the neck
308
Q

Venous drainage from the brain

A
  • The drainage of blood and CSF from the brain is done mainly by the dural venous sinuses
  • These all eventually drain into the internal jugular vein as it leaves the jugular foramen
309
Q

Name the dural venous sinuses (6)

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Inferior sagittal and straight sinuses
  • Transverse sinus
  • Sigmoid sinus
  • Cavernous sinus
  • Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
310
Q
A

Cavernous sinus

311
Q
A

Inferior petrousal sinus

312
Q
A

Sigmoidal sinus

313
Q
A

Transverse sinus

314
Q
A

Confluence

315
Q
A

Superior petrosal sinus

316
Q
A

Jugular foramen

317
Q
A

Straight sinus

318
Q
A

Tentorum cerebelli

319
Q

Explain the superior sagittal in venous drainage

A

The superior sagittal meets the straight sinus (which drains the inferior sagittal sinus) in the confluence at the center of the occipital bone

320
Q

Explain the transverse sinuses in venous drainage

A

The transverse sinuses take the blood and CSF laterally to the sigmoid sinuses which empty into the internal jugular veins

321
Q

Where do the cavernous sinus empty during venous drainage

A

The cavernous sinus empties into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

322
Q

Where do the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses drain into

A

The inferior petrosal sinuses goes directly into the jugular and the superior petrosal sinuses drains into the proximal sigmoid sinus

323
Q

Explain venous drainage from the face

A
  • The retromandibular vein bifurcates to drain into the internal and external jugular veins
  • The facial vein empties into the internal jugular vein
  • The posterior auricular vein drains into the external jugular vein
324
Q

Sensory innervation of the head and neck

A
  • The three sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve all receive information from the face
  • The opthalmic branch (CN V1) is sensory to the forehead
  • The maxillary branch (CN V2) supplies the nose, cheek and temple
  • The mandibular branch (V3) serves the skin of the jaw and lateral cheek
  • The anterior neck and the area posterior to the ear are innervated by C2 and C3
  • The side and back of the neck and back of the head are innervated by branches from C2-C5.
325
Q
A

Posterior auricular artery

326
Q
A

External jugular vein

327
Q
A

Internal jugular vein

328
Q
A

Facial vein

329
Q
A

Retromandibular vein

ANAT 316 (9 decks)

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