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ANAT 316 > The Abdomen > Flashcards

The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Largest body cavity

A

The abdominopelvic

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2
Q

The roof of the abdominopelvic cavity is the

A

diaphragm

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3
Q

What muscle is the pelvic diaphragm composed of

A

the levator ani muscle

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4
Q

The upper part of the abdominopelvic cavity is called the

A

abdomen

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5
Q

The lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity is called the

A

pelvis

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6
Q

The abdominal wall

A

protects the abdomen and had a muscular covering

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7
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity contains

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Glands associated with the GI tract
  • Urinary system
  • Deep reproductive glands and ducts
  • Sleen
  • Blood vessels and nerves
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8
Q

List the layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep

A
  • Skin
  • Subcataneous fat (Camper’s fascia)
  • Deep fascia (Scarpa’s fascia)
  • 1st muscle layer
  • 2nd muscle layer
  • 3rd muscle layer
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Extraperitoneal fat
  • Parietal pertitoneal
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9
Q
A

Skin

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10
Q
A

Subcutaneous fat (Camper’s fascia)

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11
Q
A

Deep fascia (Scarpa’s fascia)

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12
Q
A

Transversalis fascia

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13
Q
A

Extraperitoneal fat

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14
Q
A

Parietal peritoneal

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15
Q

Abdominal muscles

A
  • External obliques
  • Internal obliques
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis (longtinudinal)
  • Iliopsoas
  • Quadratus laborum
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16
Q

Which abdominal muscle is longitudinal

A

rectus abdominus

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17
Q

Which abdominal muscle is posterior

A

Iliopsoas

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18
Q

Which abdominal muscle is posterior

A

quadratus laborum

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19
Q
A

Quadratus Laborum

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20
Q
A

Erector spinae

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21
Q
A

Iliopsoas

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22
Q
A

External oblique

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23
Q
A

Internal oblique

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24
Q
A

Transverse abdominis

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25
Q
A

Rectus abdominis

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26
Q
A

GI tract

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27
Q

External oblique fibers run in what direction

A

down and medially

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28
Q

The internal obliques fibers run in what direction

A
  • the upper fibers run at right angles to those of the external muscles
  • the middle fibers are horizontal to the external obliques
  • the lower fibers run parallel to the external obliques
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29
Q

Where do the externals originate

A

the lower ribs

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30
Q

Where do the external fibers insert

A
  • The upper half insert as part of the rectus sheath

- The lower fibers insert into the iliac crest and also help form the inguinal ligament

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31
Q

Where do the internals originate?

A

the iliac crest

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32
Q

Where do the internal fibers insert?

A
  • posterior fibers inserting onto lower four ribs
  • middle fibers insert onto the rectus sheath
  • lower fibers insert onto the inguinal ligament
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33
Q

Some of the lower internal fibers form the:

A

cremaster muscle, a part of the spermatic cord

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34
Q

Where does the iliopsoas insert

A

the lower limb

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35
Q

Where does the quadratus lumborum originates

A

from the lower part of the twelfth rib and the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

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36
Q

Where does the quadratus lumborum insert

A

on the posterior iliac crest

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37
Q

Quadratus lumborum is innervated by

A

L1-4

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38
Q

Where does the transverse abdominis originate

A

from the iliac crest, the lower 6 costal cartilages, and the lumbar vertebrae via the lumbar fascia, through its aponeurosis

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39
Q

Where does the transversus abdominis insert

A

rectus sheath

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40
Q

Linea alba

A

Separates the rectus abdominis from each other

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41
Q

Where is the linea alba attached

A

Attached above to the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and below to the sympysis pubis and the pubic crest

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42
Q

Linea semilunaris

A

lateral margin of rectus abdominis

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43
Q

Tendinous intersections

A

divides each rectus abdominis into four segments, giving the “washboard stomach” appearance

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44
Q

Rectus sheath

A

The two recti are enclosed by the aponeurosis of the other abdominal muscles in a structure called the rectus sheath

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45
Q

The aponeuroses fuse in the midline to form the

A

linea alba

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46
Q

The abdominal muscles are innervated by

A

the lower thoracic nerves and spinal nerve L1

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47
Q

The level of the umbilicus is always at

A

T10

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48
Q

The abdominals function by

A

flexing the rectus abdominis and rotating and abducting/adducting the lateral muscles

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49
Q
A

Transverse abdominus

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50
Q
A

Internal oblique

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51
Q
A

Internal oblique

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52
Q
A

External oblique

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53
Q
A

Linea alba

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54
Q
A

Anterior rectus sheath

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55
Q
A

Posterior rectus sheath

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56
Q

Where is the inguinal ligament

A

found running between the anterior superior iliac spine (the ASIS) and the public tubercle

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57
Q

The inguinal ligament is made up of:

A

connective tissue fibers derived from the external oblique muscles

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58
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A

a tube-like structure connecting the abdominal cavity with the scrotum

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59
Q

The tissue used to form the inguinal canal is derived from

A

lateral abdominal muscles

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60
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

abdominal contents enter the scrotum

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61
Q

Two openings of the inguinal canal

A
  • The deep abdominal one is called the deep inguinal ring

- The scrotal opening is the superficial inguinal ring

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62
Q

Where is the superfiical ring located

A

just above the pubic tubercle and is easily felt

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63
Q

The superficial ring is a hiatus in the:

A

external oblique fascia

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64
Q

The deep ring is a hiatus in the:

A

transverse abdominis fascia

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65
Q
A

External oblique

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66
Q
A

Internal oblique

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67
Q
A

Transverse abdominus

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68
Q
A

External oblique

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69
Q
A

Cremaster muscle

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70
Q
A

Superficial inguinal ring

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71
Q
A

Inguinal ligament

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72
Q
A

Deep inguinal ring

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73
Q
A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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74
Q

What structures pass through the inguinal canal in males

A
  • Spermatic cord
  • Vas deferens
  • Testicular vasculature
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75
Q

What structures pass through the inguinal canal in females

A
  • Round ligament of the uterus
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76
Q

Structures passing through the inguinal canal in both males and females

A

Muscular fibers derived from the internal obliques forming the cremaster muscle, which only fully develops in males

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77
Q

The nerves to the superior body wall come from

A

spinal nerves T7-L1

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78
Q

Which area of the abdominal and pelvic walls T10 and T12 supply

A

the area around the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis, respectively

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79
Q

The lumbar plexus supplies:

A

nerves to the inferior abdominal wall, the inguinal region and the lower limbs

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80
Q

The roots of the plexus are:

A

T12 and L1-5

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81
Q

T12 and L1 fibers join together to form the

A

Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

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82
Q

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves supply:

A

the inferior abdominal wall

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83
Q

The geniotofemoral nerves are sensory to the

A

inside of the thigh

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84
Q

The geniotofemoral nerves are motor to the

A

cremaster muscle

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85
Q

The forgut (what part of the tract? includes what?)

A

the proximal part of the intestinal tract and includes the esophagus, stomach and the first part of the duodenum

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86
Q

The midgut begins at the:

A

begins at the second half of the duodenum

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87
Q

The midgut encompasses

A

the jejunum, ileum, and colon (large intestine) as far as two thirds of the way along the transverse colon

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88
Q

Where is the hindgut

A

the remaining distal end of the GI tract

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89
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera is provided by

A

preganglionic fibers from the thoracic splanchnic nerves (consisting of the greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves), and also from the lumbar splanchnic nerves

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90
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve originates from

A

T5-9 via the celiac ganglion and supplies the forgut and it derivatives

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91
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve comes from

A

T10-11

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92
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve synapse in the

A

superior mesenteric ganglia

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93
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve supplies the

A

midgut

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94
Q

The lumbar splanchnic nerves supply the

A

hindgut via the inferior mesenteric ganglion

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95
Q

The least splanchnic nerves service the:

A

kidneys

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96
Q

The sympathetic innervation to the pelvis generally comes from

A

T10-L2

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97
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the pelvis travels to the pelvis via the

A

lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnics, to the preaortic plexuses to reach the inferior hypogastric plexus

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98
Q

The parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut is by the:

A

vagus nerve (CN 10)

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99
Q

Innervation of the hindgut is by the:

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-4)

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100
Q

The pelvic splanchnic nerve passes through the

A

inferior hypogastric plexus then up the hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric plexus to be distributed with the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery to the hindgut

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101
Q

The enteric (intrmural) plexus

A

a network of autonomic axons and small ganglia (parasympathetic) in the wall of the digestive tract

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102
Q

The enteric plexuses control

A

digestion

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103
Q

Two major networks of the enteric plexuses

A
  • myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus

- submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

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104
Q

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus location

A

between the two muscle layers of the gut

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105
Q

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus Location

A

In the submucosa

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106
Q

The myenteric plexus services the:

A

muscular outer layers of the gut wall, promoting peristalsis

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107
Q

Submucosal plexus supplies the

A

glands in the epithelium

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108
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the enteric plexuses inhibits _____ and stimulates ________

A
  • peristalsis

- sphincter contraction

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109
Q

The parasympathetic innervation of the enteric plexuses inhibits _____ and stimulates ________

A
  • spincter contraction

- peristalsis

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110
Q

In the head and neck the carotid plexuses are found along the

A

carotid arteries

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111
Q

Plexuses in the thorax include

A

cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses

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112
Q

The cardiac and pulmonary plexuses are found near the

A

bifurcation of the trachea and esophageal plexuses

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113
Q

The scrotum contains

A
  • testes
  • epididymis
  • spermatic cord
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114
Q

Dartos

A

smooth muscle contained in the superficial fascia of the scrotum

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115
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the rugose nature of the sac

A

the dartos

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116
Q

The deep or spermatic fascia of the scrotum is derived from the:

A

abdominal muscles

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117
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Enclosing the testes is a closed serous sac, pinched off from the abdominal peritoneum

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118
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

veins draining the testes which form a complex network

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119
Q
A

Dartos

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120
Q
A

Testis

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121
Q
A

Prostate gland

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122
Q

What plexuses are in the thorax

A

cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal

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123
Q

Where are the carotid plexuses found in the head and neck

A

along the carotid arteries

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124
Q

What plexuses are in the pelvis

A

superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

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125
Q

The superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses are united by the:

A

hypogastric nerves

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126
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve arises from:

A

T5-T9

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127
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve synpases at:

A

celiac plexus and ganglia

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128
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve innervates the:

A

foregut

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129
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve arises from:

A

T10-T11

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130
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve synpases at:

A

Superior mesenteric plexus and ganglia

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131
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve innervates the:

A

midgut

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132
Q

The least splanchnic nerve arises from:

A

T12

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133
Q

The least splanchnic nerve synpases at:

A

Renal plexus and ganglia

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134
Q

The lumbar splanchnic nerve arises from:

A

L1-L2

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135
Q

The lumbar splanchnic nerve synpases at:

A

inferior mesenteric plexus and ganglia

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136
Q

The lumbar splanchnic nerve innervates the:

A

hindgut

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137
Q

The pelvic splanchnic nerve arises from:

A

S2-S4

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138
Q

The pelvic splanchnic nerve synpases at:

A

Hypogastric plexus and ganglia

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139
Q

Which nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Vagus (CN 10)

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140
Q
A

Lobule with semineferous tubule

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141
Q
A

Tunica albuginea

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142
Q
A

Rete testis

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143
Q
A

Efferent tubules

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144
Q
A

Vas deferens

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145
Q
A

Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis

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146
Q
A

Epididymus

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147
Q
A

Skin

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148
Q
A

Dartos muscle

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149
Q
A

Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

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150
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

thick capsule within the testes

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151
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

covers the tunica albuginea

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152
Q

Semeniferous tubules

A

produce sperm cells

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153
Q

Efferent ducts

A

secrete sperm cells into the epididymis

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154
Q

Epididymis

A

a coiled duct which is located on the posterior aspect of the testis

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155
Q

The vas deferens connects:

A

the tail of the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct in the prostate gland

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156
Q

Where is the vas deferens?

A

it ascends in the spermatic cord, passes through the inguinal canal, crosses the pelvic brim and runs medially to find the prostate

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157
Q

The peritoneum (covers what? connects what?)

A

thin serous membrane that covers the intestines and liver, connects the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

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158
Q

The peritoneum has two compartments:

A

the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs

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159
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

Perietal and visceral layers

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160
Q

Parietal peritoneum (line the, covers the, connects to the)

A
  • lines the abdominal and pelvic wall
  • covers the underside of the diagram
  • connects to the visceral layer via the mesentery
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161
Q

The visceral peritoneum covers the:

A

surface of the GI tract, the liver and the spleen

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162
Q

The Mesentery

A

the double layer of the periotoneum that joins the parietal layers

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163
Q

The mesentary suspends the:

A

GI tract from the posterior abdominal wall

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164
Q

The mesentery contains:

A

the blood and nerve supply to the GI tract

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165
Q

The greater omentum hangs from the:

A

greater curvature of the stomach

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166
Q

The greater omentum covers the

A

abdominal contents (from the front)

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167
Q

what part of the colon is the omentum attached to

A

transverse

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168
Q

The greater omentum is made up of:

A

several layers of peritoneum

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169
Q

The lesser omentum connects:

A

the liver to the lesser cervature of the stomach

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170
Q

The main cavity of the abdomen is called the:

A

Greater sac

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171
Q

Lesser sac

A

The space behind the the lesser omentum and stomach

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172
Q
A

Parietal peritoneum

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173
Q
A

Visceral peritoneum

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174
Q
A

GI tract

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175
Q
A

Mesentery

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176
Q
A

Kidneys (Retroperitoneal)

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177
Q
A

Greater sac

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178
Q
A

Bare area of liver

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179
Q
A

Kidney

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180
Q
A

Ascending colon

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181
Q
A

Retroperitoneal structures

182
Q
A

Pancreas

183
Q

Retroperitoneal concept

A

If a part of an abdominal organ has a mesentery, it is within the abdominal cavity. If it does not have a mesentery, then it is ‘behind’ the dorsal parietal peritoneum and is described as retroperitoneal.

184
Q

Structures that are not retroperitoneal are

A

intraperitoneal

185
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A
  • Pancreas
  • Ascending and descending colon
  • Reproductive system
  • Kindeys and suprarenal glands
  • Rectum
  • Ureters and bladder
  • Major blood vessels
  • Parts of the duodenum
186
Q

The GI tract commences where

A

the esophagus emties into the stomach

187
Q

The GI tract ends where

A

the rectum joins the anus

188
Q

The GI tracts consists

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
189
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
190
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A
  • Appendix
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
191
Q
A

Omental bursa

192
Q
A

Greater omentum

193
Q
A

Transverse colon

194
Q
A

Pancreas

195
Q
A

Stomach

196
Q
A

Liver

197
Q
A

Esophagus

198
Q
A

Stomach

199
Q
A

Transverse colon

200
Q
A

Descending colon

201
Q
A

Jejunum

202
Q
A

Rectum

203
Q
A

Anal canal

204
Q
A

Ileum

205
Q
A

Ascending colon

206
Q
A

Duodenum

207
Q

The GI tract function

A

break down ingested food

208
Q

stomach function

A

digest

209
Q

small intestine function

A

absorb

210
Q

large intestine function

A

reabsorbs water

211
Q

Location of stomach

A

in the abdomen

212
Q

Location of small intestine

A

in the abdomen

213
Q

Location of the ascending colon

A

in the abdomen

214
Q

Location of the transverse colon

A

in the abdomen

215
Q

Location of the descending colons

A

in the abdomen

216
Q

Location of the sigmoid colon

A

in the pelvis

217
Q

Location of the rectum

A

in the pelvis

218
Q

3 parts of the stomach

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pyloric antrum
219
Q

Fundus location

A

under the left diaphragm and rises from the gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

220
Q

The valve that controls the admission of food into the stomach

A

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

221
Q

Rugae

A

ridges of the fundus

222
Q

Largest part of the stomach

A

the body

223
Q

Location of the body of the stomach

A

between the lesser curvature on the right and the greater curvature on the left

224
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

part of the stomach where it tapers down towards the pylorus

225
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter located

A

the pyloric antrum

226
Q

The valve the controls the flow of liquefied food into the duodenum

A

the pyloric sphincter

227
Q

Part of the bowel where the digestive enzymes from the liver and pancrease are mixed with the food

A

the duodenum

228
Q

4 parts of the duodenum

A
  • Superior limb
  • Descending limb
  • Inferior limb
  • Ascending limb
229
Q
A

Stomach

230
Q
A

Common bile duct

231
Q
A

Superior limb

232
Q
A

Duodenum

233
Q
A

Descending limb

234
Q
A

Inferior limb

235
Q
A

Head of pancreas

236
Q
A

Body

237
Q
A

Main duct

238
Q

The superior limb links

A

the stomach, via the pylorus, to the descending limb

239
Q

Which limb has the entrance valve for the conjoined pancreatic and bile duct?

A

the descending limb

240
Q

The ascending limb connects with the:

A

jejunum

241
Q

Where are the jejunum and ileum located in the abdomen

A

the greater sac

242
Q

Where does the ileum empty into

A

the cecum via the ileocecal valve

243
Q
A

Epiploic appendages

244
Q
A

Haustrations

245
Q
A

Tenia coli

246
Q
A

Anal canal

247
Q
A

Rectum

248
Q
A

Sigmoid

249
Q
A

Descending colon

250
Q
A

Splenic flexure

251
Q
A

Hepatic flexure

252
Q
A

Ileum

253
Q
A

Ileocecal valve

254
Q
A

Ascending colon

255
Q
A

Cecum

256
Q
A

transverse colon

257
Q

The liver provides energy storage as:

A

gylcogen

258
Q

The liver secretes

A

bile salts and digestive enzymes

259
Q

The liver excretes

A

toxins and waste products

260
Q

Largest solid organ in the body

A

The liver

261
Q

Where is the liver located

A

under the right dome and central tendon of the diaphragm

262
Q

The lobes of the liver

A

Quadrate and caudate lobes

263
Q

Where is the porta hepatis

A

at the junction of the caudate and quadrate lobe of the liver

264
Q

Which artery supplies the liver with arterial blood

A

the hepatic artery

265
Q

Which vein supplies the liver with venous blood

A

portal vein

266
Q

Which nerve innervates the liver

A

vagus (CN 10)

267
Q

What delivers the bile to the GI tract

A

the common hepatic duct

268
Q

Where does the round ligament enter?

A

the porta hepatis

269
Q

Where is the bare area of the liver?

A

under the right dome of the diaphragm

270
Q

The liver is mostly covered in

A

visceral peritoneum

271
Q

Falciform ligament

A

connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the liver into right and left lobes superficially

272
Q

Where is the gall bladder

A

hangs under the lip of the liver’s right lobe

273
Q

Where is the ligamentum teres

A

runs in the free inferior border of the falciform ligament

274
Q
A

Right lobe

275
Q
A

Falciform ligament

276
Q
A

Left lobe

277
Q
A

Ligamentum teres

278
Q
A

Gall bladder

279
Q
A

Right lobe

280
Q
A

Inferior vena cava

281
Q
A

Left lobe

282
Q
A

Caudate lobe

283
Q
A

Portal vein

284
Q
A

Quadrate lobe

285
Q
A

Falciform ligament & ligamentum teres

286
Q
A

Hepatic artery

287
Q
A

Gall bladder

288
Q
A

Common bile duct

289
Q

Extra hepatic biliary apparatus is comprised of

A
  • left hepatic duct
  • right hepatic duct
  • common hepatic duct
  • gall bladder
  • cystic duct
  • common bile duct
290
Q

The left and right hepatic ducts join at the:

A

common hepatic duct

291
Q

The common hepatic duct meets the cystic duct to form the:

A

common bile duct

292
Q

The common bile duct curves behind the:

A

duodenum

293
Q

The common bile duct pierces the:

A

pancreas

294
Q

The common bile duct fuses with the:

A

main pancreatic duct

295
Q

The main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the:

A

sphincter of oddi

296
Q
A

Cystic duct

297
Q
A

Common hepatic duct

298
Q
A

Common bile duct

299
Q
A

Neck of gall bladder

300
Q
A

Body of gall bladder

301
Q
A

Fundus of gall bladder

302
Q

The gall bladder function

A

stores and concentrates bile

303
Q

Gall bladder location

A

attached to the underside of the right lobe of the liver

304
Q

Parts of the gall bladder

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
  • blind end
305
Q

Which part of the gall bladder leads to the cystic duct

A

the neck

306
Q

Why is the pancreas considered a mixed gland

A

it had both endocrine and excrine functions

307
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

left abdomen

308
Q

Parts of the pancreas

A
  • head
  • uncinate process
  • body
  • tail
309
Q
A

duodenum

310
Q
A

uncinate process

311
Q
A

Body of pancreas

312
Q
A

main pancreatic duct

313
Q
A

Tail of pancreas

314
Q
A

Spleen

315
Q
A

Hilum

316
Q
A

Vein

317
Q
A

Splenic artery

318
Q
A

Bile duct

319
Q
A

Head of pancreas

320
Q
A

Sphincter of oddi

321
Q

The head of the pancreas and uncinate process are surrounded by the:

A

duodenum

322
Q

The tail of the pancreas location

A

against the hilus of the spleen

323
Q

Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

intraperitoneal

324
Q

Is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

retroperitoneal

325
Q

Entering the hilus of the spleen are:

A
  • splenic artery
  • splenic vein
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
326
Q

The urinary system consists of the:

A
  • paired kidneys
  • paired ureters
  • single urinary bladder
327
Q

The kidneys are located:

A

in the abdomen

328
Q

The bladder is located:

A

in the pelvis

329
Q

The ureters connect:

A

the kidneys and the bladder

330
Q
A

Minor calyx

331
Q
A

Major calyx

332
Q
A

Renal artery and vein

333
Q
A

Pelvis

334
Q
A

Ureter

335
Q
A

Inferior pole

336
Q
A

Renal column

337
Q
A

Pyramid

338
Q

The kidneys major function

A

the excretion of the excess water in the blood

339
Q

Metabolic functions of the kidney

A

removal of toxins and endocrine responsibilities

340
Q

Which kidney is located lower and why

A

the right kidney is located a little lower than the left because of the liver

341
Q

Perirenal fat

A

thick layer of fat encasing the kidneys

342
Q

The renal pelvis connects directly with the

A

ureter

343
Q

The kidney is supplied by

A

the major calyces

344
Q

Each major calyx is fed by

A

2 minor calyces

345
Q

Functions of the minor calyxes

A

collect the filtered urine, feed the major calyxes, the pelvis, and hence the ureter

346
Q

The outer later of the kidney is

A

cortical tissue

347
Q

cortical tissue extends between

A

the renal pyyramids (medulla)

348
Q

The columns of cortical materiual between the renal pyramids are called

A

renal columns

349
Q

How does the filtrate travel to the calyces?

A

the medualla has about 25 renal pyramids containing collecting tubules which take the filtrate to the tips of the pyramids, through the renal papillae into the calyces

350
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

351
Q

Glomeruli

A

blood filtering units in the nephron

352
Q

Cortex of the kidney contains

A

the glomeruli

353
Q

How does the kidney recieve blood

A

the left and right arteries enter the hilus and branch into lobar arteries which supply each pyramid

354
Q

Where do the ureters attach to the bladder?

A

they attach to the back of the bladder but do not actually penetrate the bladder wall until they are close to the bottom of the bladder

355
Q

Where is the bladder

A

the anterior pelvis

356
Q

The bladder is covered by

A

parietal peritoneum

357
Q

the bladder empties into the

A

urethra

358
Q

The urethral orifice is found at the:

A

inferior angle of the bladder

359
Q

In the male, the prostate gland is situated

A

in front of the urethral orifice

360
Q

In the female, the uterus is located

A

behind the bladder

361
Q

Where is the Trigone

A

on the middle of the bladder, between the openings of the ureters and the urethra

362
Q

What type of nervous system controls the bladder

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

363
Q
A

Ureters

364
Q
A

Bladder

365
Q
A

Urethra

366
Q
A

Corpus spongiosum

367
Q
A

Bulb of penis

368
Q
A

Prostate

369
Q

Where are the suprarenal glands

A

sit on top of each of the two kidneys

370
Q

suprarenal glands are also called the

A

adrenal glands

371
Q

suprarenal glands are supplied by

A

suprarenal arteries

372
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the kidney is the function of the

A

least splanchnic nerve (T12, L1)

373
Q

Fibers of sympathetic innervation of the kidneys synapse in the

A

renal plexus

374
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic fibres of the kidney activate

A

vasoconstriction

375
Q

The parasympathetic nerves of the kidneys derive from the

A

vagus

376
Q

The parasympathetic nerves of the kindeys activate:

A

vasodilation

377
Q

What type of input increases renal out put

A

parasympathetic

378
Q

What type of input decreases renal output

A

sympathetic

379
Q

Detrusor

A

the bladder muscle

380
Q

The detrusor recieves innervation from

A

multiple pathways all originating from T11-L2

381
Q

The sphincter vesicae receives preganglionic fibres from

A

T11-L2

382
Q

The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the

A

2 common iliac arteries at L4/5

383
Q

The abdominal aorta has three sets of branches:

A
  • 5 pairs of arteries to the abdominal wall
  • 3 pairs of branches to the paired glands
  • 3 arteries to supply the GI tract
384
Q
A

To abdominal & pelvic walls

385
Q
A

To glands

386
Q
A

To GI tract

387
Q
A

To glands

388
Q
A

To abdominal & pelvic walls

389
Q

The largest pair of arteries that go to the glands are the

A

renal arteries

390
Q

Where do the suprarenal arteries go

A

suprarenal glands

391
Q

The gonadal arteries arise where

A

below the renal arteries

392
Q

The gonadal arteries run to

A

the male or female glands in the pelvis or scrotum

393
Q

Celiac trunk services

A

the foregut and spleen

394
Q

Forgut consists of

A
  • the stomach
  • first part of the duodenum
  • the liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
395
Q

The forgut divides into

A

the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery, the splenic artery

396
Q

The left gastric artery goes to

A

the stomach

397
Q

The common hepatic artery goes

A

almost to the porta hepatis but divides into the left and right hepatic arteries

398
Q

Branches of the common hepatic artery

A
  • right gastric artery
  • left gastric artery
  • gastroduodenal artery
399
Q

The gastroduodenal artery has several branches to

A

the duodenum

400
Q

Right gastroepiploic artery

A

terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery that supplies the right greater curvature of the stomach

401
Q

Largest branch of the celiac trunk

A

splenic artery

402
Q

The splenic artery gives off branches going to the

A

pancreas and stomach

403
Q

Left gastroepiploic artery

A

terminal artery of the splenic artery

404
Q

The superior mesenteric artery serves

A

the midgut

405
Q

The midgut includes

A
  • the lower duodenum
  • the jejunum
  • ileum
  • large bowel as far as 2/3 along the transverse colon
406
Q

The superior mesenteric artery originates

A

below the celiac trunk

407
Q

Right colic and midcolic arteries

A

branches of the superior mesenteric artery that go to the ileum and jejeunum

408
Q

Ileocolic artery (supplies?)

A

variable branch of the superior mesenteric which supplies the end of the ileum, the cecum and the appendix

409
Q
A

Aorta

410
Q
A

Superior mesenteric

411
Q
A

Gonadal

412
Q
A

Right common iliac

413
Q
A

Inferior mesenteric

414
Q
A

Renal

415
Q
A

Suprarenal

416
Q
A

Celiac trunk

417
Q
A

Superior mesenteric

418
Q
A

Middle colic

419
Q
A

Right colic

420
Q
A

Iliocolic

421
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery serves the

A

hindgut

422
Q

The hindgut is comprised of

A

the distal transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum

423
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery originates

A

above the aortic bifurcation

424
Q

The left colic branches

A

branches of the inferior mesenteric artery going to the large bowel

425
Q

The superior rectal artery (branch of what? going where?)

A

branch of the inferior mesenteric artery going to the pelvis

426
Q

The superior and inferior epigastric arteries supply

A

the rectus abdominis

427
Q

Superior epigastric arteries is a branch of the

A

internal thoracic

428
Q

The inferior epigastric artery is a branch of the

A

external iliac artery

429
Q

The inferior vena cava is fed by:

A

paired veins from the abdominal wall and from the two hepatic veins

430
Q

The portal vein is made up by the:

A

splenic and superior mesenteric veins

431
Q

The portal vein passes into the liver via the

A

portal hepatis

432
Q
A

Hepatic

433
Q
A

Rigth suprarenal

434
Q
A

Right renal

435
Q
A

Right gonadal

436
Q
A

Common Iliac veins

437
Q
A

Left gonadal

438
Q
A

Left renal

439
Q
A

Left suprarenal

440
Q
A

Hepatic

441
Q
A

superior mesenteric

442
Q
A

Inferior mesenteric

443
Q
A

Splenic vein

444
Q
A

Porta hepatis

445
Q

The lumbar plexus serves

A

the abdominal wall, the lower limb, and genitofemoral nerve

446
Q

Where are the nerve plexuses that make up the lumbar plexus

A

T12-L5

447
Q

The two major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall are:

A

the psoas and the quadratus lumborum

448
Q

The psoas originates

A

from the lumbar bodies

449
Q

The psoas inserts onto the

A

femur

450
Q

The quadratus lumborum arises from the

A

transverse processes of T12-L5

451
Q

The quadratus lumborum fills which space

A

the space between rib 12 and the iliac crest

452
Q

Function of the quadratus lumborum

A

stabilizing the back

ANAT 316 (9 decks)

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