Exam Review Flashcards
How many bones of the skull are unpaired?
7
How many bones are there within the fascial cranium?
14
Which bone forms the roof of the orbit?
Frontal bone
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
Sella turcica
On which bone can the mastoid process be found?
Temporal bone
Which bone forms most of the lateral wall of the orbit?
Zygomatic
The foramen rotundum belongs to which bone?
Sphenoid
The ethmoid bone contains how many conchae?
2
Which bone contains the largest sinuses?
Maxillary bone
Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?
Foramen magnum
What forms the majority of the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal bone
What bones form the zygomatic arch?
Zygomatic and temporal bone
The palatine bones make-up what amount of the posterior nasal wall
1/3
How many cranial fossae are there?
3
The maxilla forms how much of the hard palate
4/5
Where is the incisive foramen located?
Maxilla
Where is the mental foramen located?
Mandible
The condyloid process enters…
the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
The coronoid process’ main purpose is…
Muscleattachment
Which bone forms the posterior 1/5 of the hard palate?
Palatine bones
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the ethmoid bone?
a. Superior conchae
b. Cristagalli
c. Inferior conchae
d. Middleconchae
c. Inferior conchae
Which bone contains the infraorbital foramen?
Maxilla
In the anterior cranial fossa, what is between the 2 orbital plates?
Crista galli and cribriform of ethmoid bone
What is the main purpose of the hyoid bone?
Suspends the larynx
Which bone is the most complex?
a. Sphenoid bone
b. Occipital bone
c. Ethmoid bone
d. A and C
What forms the anterior 4/5 of the hard palate?
Maxilla palatine process
The ___________ contains the cranial and spinal nerves.
Somatic nervous system
The central nervous system consists of…
Brain and spinal cord
What are the main parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
The precentral gyrus is important for
Voluntary motor movement
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla
What are the poles of the brain?
Frontal, temporal, occipital
What are the names of the cerebral hemispheres?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
The thalamus is responsible for all sensory functions except
Smell
What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
Which fibers are responsible for communication within a cerebral hemisphere?
Association fibers
Where does the somatic nervous system begin and end?
Precentral and postcentral gyrus
The sensory cortex is located in the…
Postcentral gyrus
The calcarine sulcus is important for what function?
Vision
Which fibers are responsible for communication between the levels of the nervous system?
Projection fibers
What are the components of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
The motor cortex is located in the…
Precentral gyrus
Grey matter consists of…
Basal ganglia
The internal acoustic meatus can only be seen by which view?
Superiorly
Which fibers are responsible for communication between the cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
How many pairs cranial nerves are there?
12
What is the border of the medulla oblongata?
Foramen magnum
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Caudatenucleus, lentiform nucleus and amygdala
The internal capsule is made of what?
White matter
Which nerve comes directly off of the pons?
Trigeminal nerve
What are the components of the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
Which nerves come off of the medulla oblongata?
CNIX-CNXII
The colliculi of the brainstem are located ______ on the mesencephalon.
Posteriorly
The pons is important as it is…
The bridge for the cerebellar hemispheres
The cauda equina consist of…
Nerves exiting below L2
The dorsal root is responsible for
Sensation
The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles can be found within…
Occipital lobe
The anterior horn is responsible for
Motor function
What is within the dorsal root ganglion?
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
What is the purpose of the filum terminale?
Attaches the spinal cord to the sacrum
The cerebellum is responsible for
Coordination
The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles can be found within…
Frontal lobe
The body of the lateral ventricles can be found within…
Parietal lobe
How many sets of nerves are there that emerge from the spinal cord?
32
What is the reason for spinal cord enlargements?
Due to the presence of nerve plexuses (brachial and lumbosacral).
The intermediate horns are responsible for…
Sympathetic nervous system
How does the CSF drain from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
Foramina of luschka and Foramina of magendie
The 3rd ventricle is sandwiched by…
Thalamus
The ventricular system is responsible for
The circulation and production of CSF
The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles can be found within…
Temporal lobe
The choroid plexus is responsible for
The production of CSF
The lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd ventricle by the…
Foramina of munro
The 4th canal flows into…
The central canal, Foramina of luschka, Foramina of magendie
How many neurons are there in the sensory chain?
3
CSF enters the subarachnoid space via
Foramina of luschka and Foramina of magendie
The denticulate ligaments are responsible for…
Attaching arachnoid mater to pia mater
How many layers of meninges are there?
3
What is the epidural space?
Fat-filled space between vertebral column and dura mater
Meninges are…
Hollow spaces that hold CSF
The subarachnoid space is responsible for…
The circulation of CSF
Which of the meninges is closest to the brain?
Pia mater
The falx cerebri can be found ______ on the meninges
Superiorly
The tentorium cerebri can be found _____ on the meninges
Posteriorly
Which of the meninges only extends to the cauda medullaris?
Pia mater
The dura mater contains…
Dural venous sinuses
Which cerebral artery is a branch of the vertebral artery?
Posterior cerebral artery
The superior sagittal sinus is filled with…
Venous blood and CSF
The falx and tentorium cerebri are responsible for…
Stopping the brain from bouncing around
Which of the meninges is closest to the skull?
Dura mater
Write out the pathway of CSF – beginning at the lateral ventricles and ending in the internal jugular vein
Choroid plexus, lateral ventricles, foramina o fMonroe, third ventricle, aqueduct of Silvius, fourth ventricle, foramina of Luschka and magendie, subarachnoid space, falx cerebri, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence, transverse sinuses, sigmoid sinuses, internal jugular vein, cavernous sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein, superior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein
What is the lumbar cistern?
Large opening in the subarachnoid space.
Through which holes does blood enter the brain?
Carotid canal, Foramen magnum
Which cerebral artery comes through the lateral fissure?
Middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery?
Anterior cerebral artery and Middle cerebral artery
Where do the internal carotid arteries split?
Sella turcica
Where do the vertebral arteries end?
Level of the pons
The anterior communicating artery
a. Is paired
b. Is not paired
c. Bifurcates
d. Becomes the anterior cerebral artery
b. Is not paired
The somatic nervous system is responsible for
Voluntary motor control and General sensory information
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for
Involuntary motor control and Visceral sensory information
For sensation for the upper trunk, upper limb and neck, the FIRST neuron synapses at the:
Fasiculi cuneatus
Number of sensory pathways of the somatic nervous system
2
Number of motor pathways of the somatic nervous system
4
Which percentage of fibers DO NOT decussate to the lateral corticospinal tract in the corticospinal tract motor pathway?
10%
Where do the spinothalamic columns synapse first?
Dorsal horn
The carotid canal can only be seen by which view?
Inferiorly
The dorsal columns are responsible for
Fine (discriminatory) touch, joint position and vibration
When does the dorsal column pathway decussate?
At the lower medulla
The spinothalamic/anterolateral columns are responsible for
Crude touch, temperature and pain
For sensation for the majority of the trunk and lower limbs, the neuron synapses at the:
Fasiculi gracilis
What is the sensory pathway of the dorsal columns? Begin at first neuron and end in sensory cortex.
First neuron synapses with the dorsal root ganglion, then synapses with a neuron in the posterior horn, neuron ascends and synpases at the level of the medulla, ends on the post-central (sensory cortex) gyrus.
What is the main difference between the dorsal and anterolateral (spinothalamic) columns?
Dorsal columns decussate in the lower medulla (nucleus cuneatus and gracilis), while spinothalamic columns crossover at the level they enter, immediately, and ascend in the anterolateral columns. If the right side of the spinal cord is lost, all dorsal column sensation is lost on the right side, while spinothalamic sensation is lost on the opposite side (the left).
Which is the most direct motor pathway?
Corticospinal
Which percentage of fibers decussate to the lateral corticospinal tract in the corticospinal tract motor pathway?
90%
The extra pyramidal system is responsible for what?
Muscle tone and control
What is the name of CNIII?
Oculomotor
How many nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
3
How many nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
3
Which nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
Facial nerve
The nerve that is responsible for smell is the…
Olfactory nerve
The nerve that synapses in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus is…
Optic nerve
How many nerves are responsible for eye movement?
3
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
Face sensation and muscles of mastication
Which of the following nerve is not a sensory nerve?
a. Optic nerve
b. Olfactory nerve
c. Vestibulocochlear nerve
d. Spinal accessory nerve
d. Spinal accessory nerve
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve has a motor function?
V3
The facial nerve branches into _____ branches
5
The maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve exits through which foramen?
Foramen rotundum
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Taste and general sensation
How many nerves are only motor nerves?
5
Where do the nerves of the optic nerve cross over?
Optic chiasm
CNXI corresponds to the
Spinal accessory nerve
How many nerves have both sensory and motor functions?
3
Where does the olfactory nerve synapse?
Olfactory cortex
The opthalamic component of the trigeminal nerve exits through which foramen?
Superior orbital fissure
CNVII corresponds to the
Facial nerve
Which nerve has sensory function to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides parasympathetic supply to submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands?
Facial nerve
The maxillary component of the trigeminal nerves exits through the foramen rotundum and then passes through which foramen?
Inferior orbital notch/foramen
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Larynx sense and movement
CNIX corresponds to
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
Vestibulocochlear nerve and facial nerve
How many nerves have parasympathetic function?
4
The inferior cervical ganglion corresponds to
C7-C8
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
CNII corresponds to
Optic nerve
CNVI corresponds to the
Abducens nerve
Which of the following is mainly a parasympathetic nerve?
a. Vagus nerve
b. Glossopharyngeal nerve
c. Oculomotor nerve
d. Facial nerve
a. Vagus nerve
Which of the following is mainly a parasympathetic nerve?
a. Vagus nerve
b. Glossopharyngeal nerve
c. Oculomotor nerve
d. Facial nerve
a. Vagus nerve
CNX corresponds to
Vagus nerve
The mandibular component of the trigeminal nerve enters the skull and then
passes through which foramen to access the face?
Inferior orbital notch/foramen
CNVIII corresponds to the
Vestibulocochlear nerve
How many neurons are within the ANS chain?
2
Where do cells communicate in the ANS?
Ganglion
The thoracolumbar system refers to the
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system causes the adrenal medulla to release
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Where do sympathetic neurons originate?
Intermediate horn
Preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk via
White ramus communicans
How many cervical ganglia are there?
3
What is the ganglion impar?
2 inferior coccygeal ganglion
What are the 2 pathways of the sympathetic nerves?
Body walls and viscera
Which of the following is not a route taken by a sympathetic nerve going to a
body wall?
a. Preganglionic neuron synapses in sympathetic trunk at the same level it
enters and exits via the grey ramus communicans.
b. Preganglionic neuron passes directly through corresponding ganglion and
comes out anteromedially as the thoracic and lumbar splanchic nerves
before synapsing in renal ganglia.
c. Preganglionic neuron synapses in the sympathetic trunk at the superior
ganglion and leave via the grey ramus communicans at the same level.
d. Preganglionic neuron synapses inferiorly in the sympathetic trunk and
exits via the grey ramus communicans at that same level.
b. Preganglionic neuron passes directly through corresponding ganglion and
comes out anteromedially as the thoracic and lumbar splanchic nerves
before synapsing in renal ganglia.
At which level of the spinal cord are there white rami?
T1-L2
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve innervates
Foregut
The middle cervical ganglion corresponds to
C5-C6
The lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve innervates
Midgut
The lumbar splanchnic nerve innervates
Hindgut
The least splanchnic nerve innervates
Kidney
The lumbar splanchnic nerve synapses at the
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
The least splanchnic nerve synapses at the
Renal ganglion
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve synapses at the
Celiac ganglion
The lesser splanchnic nerve synapses at the
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Where do the pelvis splanchnic nerve arise from?
S2-S4
The superior cervical ganglion corresponds to
C1-C4
What bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone and zygomatic bone
What nerves control the movement of the eye?
CN III, IV, VI
What is the sensory component of the eye?
Retina
What forms the floor of the orbit?
Maxilla and zygomatic bones
What is the outer most layer of the eye?
Cornea/sclera
What forms the medial wall of the orbit?
Frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone
What forms the roof of the orbit?
Orbital plates and frontal bone
What is the inner most layer of the eye?
Retina
What is the function of the cornea?
Helps focus penetrating light into the eyes
What is the middle layer of the eye?
Choroid
What is the function of the pupil?
Controls the amount of light entering the eye
What is the fovea centralis?
Where there is a concentration of rods
In which layer of the eye are the muscles of the pupil and lens located?
Aqueous humor
What is the function of the optic disc?
Where nerve cells leave to the optic nerve
What separates the eye into 2 cavities?
Lens
What part of the eye is directly connected to the optic nerve?
Retina
The anterior chamber consists of…
Aqueous humor and the pupil
How many extraocular muscles of the eye are there?
6
How many intraocular muscles of the eye are there?
3
The posterior compartment of the eye consists of…
Aqueous humor surrounding the lens
The posterior chamber of the eye can be found
Posterior to iris
Which of the intraocular eye muscles are under sympathetic control?
Dilator pupillae
Which of the extraocular muscles of the eye runs through a trochlea?
Superior oblique
What is the action of superior oblique?
Abduction and depression of eyeball
The tarsal plates are
Thick fascia lcore of eyelids
What muscle(s) are supplied by CNIII?
a. Lateral rectus
b. Medial rectus
c. Superior oblique
d. Inferior oblique
e. A and D
f. B and D
f. B and D
The action of the ciliary muscles is to
Control thickness of lens
The action of the sphincter and dilator pupillae is to
Control amount of light entering the eye
The dilator pupillae is under _______ control.
Sympathetic
The ciliary muscles are under _______ control
Parasympathetic
The sphincter pupillae is under ________ control.
Parasympathetic
The eustachian tube is found in which bone?
Sphenoid
The lacrimal glands have ducts that enter
into the conjunctival sacs
The action of the inferior oblique is…
Abduction and elevation of eyeball
The lacrimal punctum is
The inner corner of your eye that migrate tears
CNVII travels to the _______ ganglion.
Pterygopalatine
What muscle(s) are supplied by CNIV?
Superior oblique
What muscle(s) are supplied by CNVI?
Lateral rectus
Interruption in the sympathetic innervation of the levator palpebrae superior would result in
Drooping of eye lid and permanently constricted pupil
CNIII travels to the _______ ganglion.
Ciliary
The conjunctiva is
Continuous membrane inside the eyelids that blends with the cornea
The pharynx communicates anteriorly with:
Nasalcavity, mouth, larynx
What component of the pharynx, while swallowing, stops food from traveling to the trachea?
Epiglottis
What component of the pharynx, while swallowing, stops food from traveling to the trachea?
Epiglottis
The pharynx is continuous inferiorly with the:
Esophagus
The nasopharynx is connected to the ear by the
Eustachian tube
What is the action of the styloglossus?
Elevate and retract the tongue
What is the action of the genioglossus?
Pulls tongue forward
The oropharynx is from the ________ to __________
Soft palate to hyoid bone
What connects the mouth to the oropharynx?
Fauces
The pharynx is a ___________ that hangs down from occipital bone
Muscular tube
Which of the tonsils is unpaired?
Lingual
The sublingual gland is innervated by which sympathetic nerve?
CNVII
The parotid gland connects to which ganglion?
Otic
What is the action of the palatoglossus?
Elevate the tongue
What is the action of the hyoglossus?
Depress the tongue laterally
Which of the following separate the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
Sulcus terminalis
The parotid gland is located
in front of the ear
Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 for taste of the tongue is done by which nerve?
CNVII
The submandibular gland is innervated by which sympathetic nerve?
CNVII
What characteristic of the nasopharynx open into the nasal cavity?
Choanae
Which of the following muscles of the tongue is not innervated by CNXII?
Palatoglossus
What is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Alter the shape o fthe tongue
Which of the following connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 for general sensation of the tongue is done by which nerve?
CNV, V3
The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by:
CNXII
Sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 for general sensation is done by which nerve?
CNIX
Motor innervation for the palatoglossus muscle is done by which nerve?
CNX
Motor innervation for the hyoglossus is done by which nerve?
CNXII
The parotid gland is innervated by which sympathetic nerve?
CNIX
The sublingual gland is located
Floor of the mouth
The sublingual gland is innervated by which nerve?
CNVII
The larynx connects the ___________ to _____________
Oropharynx; trachea
The entrance to the larynx is covered by the
Epiglottis
The superior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with the…
Hyoid bone
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
2nd rib
Sensory information below the vocal cords is carried by the
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
What is another name for the triangular membrane?
Conus elasticus
The action of the orbicular occuli is…
Squeeze the eyes shut
What is the insertion of the frontalis?
Frontal occipital aponeurosis
The two components of the external skeleton of the larynx are
Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
The rima glottidis is…
The space between the vocal cords
The ________________ nerve innervates the cricothyroid.
External laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the
CNX
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
1st rib
Sensory information above the vocal cords is carried by the
Superior laryngeal nerve
The muscles of mastication are innervated by __________
CNV, V3
The rima glottidis’ width and tension are changed by
The muscles of the arytenoids,thyroid and cricoid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is made of what?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?
Scalene tubercle of 1st rib
The mylohyoid
Forms the floor of the mouth
Where do the vocal cords attach?
Vocal processes on the arytenoids
The sternocleidomastoid
Dividesneckintoanteriorandposteriortriangles
Which of the scalene muscles does not insert onto the 1st rib?
Posterior
The posterior belly of the digastric is innervated by
CNVII
Which of the following muscles elevates the hyoid and depresses the mouth?
Digastric
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process
What is the action of the scalene muscles?
Raise the thoracic cage
Which muscles comes off anteriorly to the pterygoid-mandibular raphe?
Buccinator
Which of the following muscles is innervated by CNXI?
Sternocleidomastoid
The mylohyoid is innervated by
CNV, V3
The anterior belly of the digastric is innervated by
CNV, V3
The temporalis inserts onto
Coronoid process
The constrictors of the pharynx are innervated by
CNX
What is the action of the lateral pterygoid?
Closes the mouth
Which muscle(s) of mastication pass through the temporal fossa?
Temporalis
What is the action of the stylohyoid?
Elevates the hyoid
The muscles of the face are innervated by
CNVII
The innermost layer of the scalp is
Periosteum
The action of the buccinator is…
Muscle of mastication; moves food around the mouth
The action of the orbicular oris is…
Protrude the lips
Which cranial nerve innervates the laryngeal?
CNX
The parotid gland empties:
Opposite of the upper second molar
How many incisors are found in each jaw of the adult human?
4
.Which of these bones is closely associated with the larynx?
a. Sphenoid
b. Occipital
c. Temporal
d. Mandible
e. Hyoid
e. Hyoid
The upper jaw and teeth are innervated by
CNV2
The lower jaw and teeth are innervated by
CNV3
The nasal septum is made up of:
Vomer, verticalplate of ethmoid bone, septal cartilage
The internal nose links ________ to __________
External; choanae
The roof of the internal nose is the:
Cribriform plate
The nasolacrimal duct empties into:
Inferior meatus
The lateral wall of the internal nose is made up of:
Septum, vomer and ethmoid bone
In which bones are there paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
The maxillary sinus drains into the:
Middle meatus
The anterior ethmoidal sinus drains into the:
Middle meatus
The frontal sinus drains into the:
Middle meatus
The sphenoidal sinus drains into the:
Sphenoid-ethmoidal recess
The maxillary sinus drains out of which hole:
Ostium
The medial 2/3 of the auricle is made out of
Bone
The lateral 1/3 of the auricle is made out of
Elastic cartilage
