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ANAT 316 > Chapter Two: The Brain/Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Brain/Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the brain

A

-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brain stem

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2
Q

Parts of the cerebrum

A

-telencephalon
-diencephalon

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3
Q

Brain stem components

A

-mid brain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

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4
Q

The diencephalon location

A

-forms central core of brain tissue
-superior to midbrain
-extends from brainstem to cerebrum and surrounds the third ventricle

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5
Q

Main structures of the diencephalon

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
-subthalamus

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6
Q

Thalamus location

A

-superior to midbrain
-80% of diencephalon
-beside 3rd ventricle

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7
Q

Functions of the thalamus

A

-major relay station for sensory impulses (except smell), transmitted from spinal cord, brainstem and midbrain
-perception of pain, temp, proprioception and pressure

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8
Q

Interthalamic adhesion

A

-bridge of gray matter that connects the right and left portions of the thalamus

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9
Q

Internal capsule

A

-connects the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
-thick band of white matter

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10
Q

Hypothalamus location

A

-small region of diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus
-beside 4th ventricle

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11
Q

Divisions of the hypothalamus

A

-posterior hypothalamic (mammillary area)
-infundibulum (connects to pituitary gland)

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12
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

-major regulator of homeostasis
-control of the autonomic nervous system
-production of hormones
-regulation of emotional and behavioural patterns
-regulation of eating and drinking
-regulation of body temperature
-regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

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13
Q

Epithalamus location

A

-small region superior and posterior to the thalamus

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14
Q

Epithalamus function

A

-contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin
-helps regulate circadian rhythms, wakefulness, hormone secretion and body temp

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15
Q

Basal ganglia location

A

-3 masses of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

The corpus striatum (basal ganglia) consists of

A

-caudate nucleus
-lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus)

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17
Q

Claustrum

A

-thin sheet of grey matter that is sometimes included as part of the corpus striatum; believed to be involved in visual attention

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18
Q

Functions of the corpus striatum (basal ganglia)

A

-help regulate the initiation and termination of movements
-control subconscious movements of skeletal muscles
-help initiate and terminate some cognitive processes and may help regulate emotional behaviours

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19
Q

Midbrain location

A

-extends upwards from pons to diencephalon
-aqueduct of midbrain passes through

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20
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

-on the anterior portion of the midbrain
-contain axons of pyramidal tracts

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21
Q

Colliculi

A

-on the midbrain
-superior colliculi: serve as reflex centers for visual activities
-inferior colliculi: help relay auditory information from the ears to the thalamus

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22
Q

Nerves coming off the midbrain

A

-oculomotor (III) nerve
-trochlear (IV) nerve

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23
Q

Pons location

A

-superior to medulla and anterior to cerebellum

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24
Q

Pons 2 regions

A

-ventral region: grey matter called pontine nuclei
-dorsal region: various ascending and descending tracts (white matter)

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25
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

-works with medullary respiratory center to help control breathing

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26
Q

Cranial nerves coming off the pons

A

-trigeminal (V) nerve
-abducens (VI) nerve
-facial (VII) nerve
-vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

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27
Q

Medulla oblongata location

A

-continuation of superior part of spinal cord and forms the inferior part of the brain stem

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28
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

-contains all sensory and motor tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
-also contains many nuclei that regulate various vital body functions

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29
Q

Pyramids

A

-anterior bulges on the medulla
-contain the largest motor tracts that pass from cerebrum to spinal cord

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30
Q

Decussation of pyramids

A

-feature that results in motor fibres originating in the left cerebral cortex activating muscles on the right side of the body and vice versa

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31
Q

Medulla nuclei controls

A

-cardiovascular center: rate and force of heartbeat and blood vessel diameter
-medullary repiratory center: basic breathing rhythm
-other centers: control reflexes for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping

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32
Q

Olive

A

-lateral to the pyramids
-contains the inferior olivary nucleus
-relays impulses from proprioceptors to the cerebellum

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33
Q

Cranial nerves coming from the medulla

A

-vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve (cochlear branch)
-glossopharangeal (IX) nerve
-vagus (X) nerve
-accessory (XI) nerve
-hypoglossal (XII) nerve

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34
Q

The cerebellum location

A

-located in the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity

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35
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

-seperates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

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36
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

-extension of dura mater that helps seperate the cerebrum and cerebellum

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37
Q

Vermis

A

-connects the 2 halves of the cerebellum
-central area of the cerebellum that makes it look like a butterfly

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38
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A

-anterior
-posterior

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39
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

-extension of dural mater betwene the hemispheres of the cerebellum

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40
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

-superficial layer of the cerebellum
-contains ridges called folia

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41
Q

Arbor vitae

A

-branches of white matter in the cerebellum

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42
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem

A

-inferior cerebellar peduncles
-middle cerebellar peduncles
-superior cerebellar peduncles

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43
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

-carry sensory information

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44
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

-contain axons that extend from cerebrum and pons to the cerebellum

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45
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles

A

-contains axons that extend from the cerebellum to the midbrain

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46
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A

-to evaluate how well the movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum are actually being carried out
-to regulate posture and balance

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47
Q

4 main regions of the brain

A

-cerebrum
-diencephalon
-brain stem
-cerebellum

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48
Q

The cerebrum function

A

-performs many mental tasks such as reading, writing, speaking, calculating, composing, imagining, memory, planning etc

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49
Q

Cerebrum structure

A

-largest part of the brain
-consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres and the corpus striatum

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50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

-surface layer of grey matter that covers each cerebral hemisphere

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51
Q

Cerebral gyri

A

-ridges in the cortex

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52
Q

Cerebral fissures

A

-deep grooves between folds

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53
Q

Cerebral sulci

A

-shallow grooves between folds

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54
Q

Cerebral tissues

A

-grooves that seperate parts of the brain

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55
Q

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

-separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres and connected by the corpus callosum

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56
Q

Falx cerebri

A

-extension of the dura mater that seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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57
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

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58
Q

Central cerebral sulcus

A

-seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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59
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

-anterior to the central sulcus
-contains the primary motor area

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60
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

-posterior to the central sulcus
-primary somatosensory area

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61
Q

Lateral cerebral sulcus

A

-separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

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62
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

-separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

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63
Q

Insula

A

-part of the cerebrum
-located within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes
-need to pull back these lobes in order to see it

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64
Q

Tracts of the cerebrum

A

-association tracts
-commissural tracts
-projection tracts

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65
Q

Association tracts function

A

-conduct nerve impulses between cerebral gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere

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66
Q

Types of commisural tracts

A

-corpus callosum
-anterior commissure
-posterior commissure

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67
Q

Commissural tracts function

A

-conduct nerve impulses from cerebral gyri in one cerebral hemishpere to a cooresponding gyrus in the other cerebral hemisphere

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68
Q

Projections tracts function

A

-conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower CNS parts to the cerebrum

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69
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

-control of voluntary movement
-involved in attention
-short term memory tasks
-motivation
-planning
-speech

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70
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

-integrates proprioceptive and mechanoceptive stimuli
-involved in language processing

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71
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

-decoding sensory input into derived meanings for retention of visual memory and language comprehension

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72
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

-center for visual processing

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73
Q

Insular lobe function

A

-processing and integration of taste sensation
-visceral and pain sensation
-vestibular functions

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74
Q

Limbic lobe function

A

-modulation of emotions
-modulation of visceral and autonomic functions
-learning and memory

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75
Q

Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

-primary somatosensory area
-primary visual area
-primary auditory area
-gustatory area
-olfactory area

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76
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

-located in the postcentral gyrus
-receives information for touch, proprioception, pain, tickle, itch and thermal sensations

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77
Q

Primary visual area

A

-located in the posterior occipital lobe
-receives impulses from visual receptors and is involved in visual perception

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78
Q

Primary auditory area

A

-located in the temporal lobe
-receives impulses from auditory receptors and is involved in auditory perception

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79
Q

Gustatory area

A

-located in insula
-receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception

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80
Q

Olfactory area

A

-located in superior temporal gyrus
-receives impulses from olfactory receptors and is involved in smell perception

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81
Q

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex

A

-primary motor area
-premotor cortex
-brocas area

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82
Q

Primary motor area

A

-located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
-controls voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

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83
Q

Premotor cortex

A

-located anterior to primary motor cortex
-involved in motor planning to cause specific muscle groups to contract simultaneously and serves as a muscle memory bank for coordinated movements

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84
Q

Brocas area

A

-located in the left frontal lobe
-involved in the planning and production of speech

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85
Q

Association areas

A

-somatosensory association area
-motor association area
-visual association area
-auditory association area
-wernicke’s area

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86
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

-located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)

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87
Q

Motor association area

A

-located anterior to the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

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88
Q

Visual association area

A

-located in the occipital lobe outside the cuneus

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89
Q

Auditory association area

A

-located in temporal lobe

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90
Q

Wernickes area

A

-located in the left temporal and parietal lobes

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91
Q

Protection of the brain

A

-cranial bones
-cranial meninges

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92
Q

3 meninges layers

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

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93
Q

Dura mater layers

A

-periosteal layer (external)
-meningeal layer (internal)

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94
Q

Epidural space

A

-exists between the periosteal layer of dura mater and the cranial bones

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95
Q

Extensions of the dura mater

A

-falx cerebri
-falx cerebelli
-tentorium cerebelli

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96
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

-middle layer

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97
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

-look like balloons
-regulate the release of CSF into the dural venous sinuses

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98
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

-thin projections of connective tissue
-extend from arachnoid to pia mater

99
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

-between arachnoid and pia mater
-fluid filled space occupied by CSF

100
Q

Pia mater

A

-inner layer
-thin membrane composed of a single cells layer
-follows the contours of the gyri and sulci of the brain

101
Q

Subpial space

A

-seperates pia mater from cerebral cortex

102
Q

What is CSF

A

-clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord
-carries oxygen etc

103
Q

Which ventricles do CSF travel through

A

-right and left lateral ventricles
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle

104
Q

Lateral ventricles location

A

-located in the 2 central hemishperes

105
Q

Third ventricle location

A

-between right and left halves of the thalamus

106
Q

Fourth ventricle location

A

-located between brain stem and cerebellum

107
Q

How is CSF formed

A

-as blood flows through choroid plexuses located in the walls of the ventricles

108
Q

CSF functions

A

-mechanical protection
-chemical protection
-circulation

109
Q

Circulation of CSF step 1

A

-CSF produced in choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles flows into the third ventricle via interventricular foramen

110
Q

Circulation of CSF step 2

A

-choroid plexus of the third ventricle adds more CSF and then flows into the 4th ventricle via the aqueduct of the midbrain

111
Q

Circulation of CSF step 3

A

-choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle adds more CSF and then flows into the subarachnoid space via the one median aperture and the two lateral apertures

112
Q

Circulation of CSF step 4

A

-after flowing through subarachnoid space
-CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through the arachnoid granulations

113
Q

Arterial supply of the brain sources

A

-internal carotid and vertebral arteries

114
Q

How does blood return to systemic circulation

A

-from dural venous sinuses drain into internal jugular veins

115
Q

The cerebral arterial circle (of willis)

A

-anatomical structure that provides an anastomotic connection between the anterior and posterior circulations

116
Q

Main arteries of the anterior circulation

A

-internal carotid artery
-anterior cerebral artery
-anterior communicating artery
-middle cerebral artery

117
Q

Supply of the anterior circulation

A

-forebrain

118
Q

Main arteries of the posterior circulation

A

-vertebral artery
-basilar artery
-posterior cerebral artery
-posterior communicating artery

119
Q

Supply of the posterior circulation

A

-posterior cortex
-midbrain
-brainstem
-cerebellum

120
Q

Main arteries of the circle of willis

A

-anterior communicating artery
-anterior cerebal arteries
-internal carotid arteries
-posterior communicating arteries
-posterior cerebral arteries

121
Q

Supply of the anterior cerebral artery

A

-frontal, parietal, and cingulate cortex
-corpus callosum

122
Q

Supply of the middle cerebral artery

A

-lateral surface of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
-basal ganglia and internal capsule

123
Q

Supply of the posterior cerebral artery

A

-occipital lobe
-inferolateral surface of the temporal lobe
-midbrain
-thalamus
-choroid plexus
-cerebral peduncles

124
Q

3 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
-visceral

125
Q

What regulates the autonomic nervous system

A

-hypothalamus and brain stem

126
Q

2 motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system

A

-preganglionic
-postganglionic

127
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

-cell body in CNS and axon extends to autonomic ganglion

128
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

-cell body in autonomic ganglion and axon extends to autonomic effector

129
Q

Autonomic plexus

A

-tangled network of axons of preganglionic neurons located in thorax, abdomen and pelvis

130
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

-sites of synapse between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neuron cell bodies

131
Q

What are the 3 pairs of cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia located in the neck

A

-superior
-middle
-inferior

132
Q

How many thoracic pairs are in the sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

-12

133
Q

Grey communicating rami

A

-structures containing the postganglionic unmyelinated axons

134
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

-anterior to vertebral column and close to large abdominal arteries

135
Q

5 major prevertebral ganglia

A

-celiac ganglion
-superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
-aorticorenal ganglion
-renal ganglion

136
Q

4 parasympathetic ganglia

A

-ciliary ganglia
-pterygopalatine ganglia
-submandibular ganglia
-otic ganglia

137
Q

Protective structures of the spinal cord

A

-the vertebral column
-3 spinal meninges
-a cushion of cerebrospinal fluid

138
Q

What is included in the vertebral column

A

-vertebrae
-vertebral ligaments

139
Q

3 spinal meninges

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

140
Q

Spinal cord shape

A

-oval
-extends from medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebrae

141
Q

2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

-cervical enlargement
-lumbar enlargement

142
Q

Conus medullaris

A

-where the spinal cord terminates

143
Q

Filum terminale

A

-extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris and fuses with the arachnoid and dura mater to attach spinal cord to coccyx

144
Q

Cauda equina

A

-“horses tail”
-lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves emerging from the lower part of the spinal cord

145
Q

Internal matter of spinal cord

A

-core of grey matter
-surrounded by white matter

146
Q

2 grooves of the spinal cord

A

-anterior median fissure
-posterior median sulcus

147
Q

Horns of the spinal cord

A

-anterior grey horns
-posterior grey horns
-lateral grey horns

148
Q

Funiculi of the spinal cord

A

-anterior funiculi
-posterior funiculi
-lateral white funiculi

149
Q

Tracts of the spinal cord

A

-sensory (ascending) tracts
-motor (descending) tracts

150
Q

What to white matter tracts of the spinal cord do

A

-transmit nerve impulses between brain and periphery

151
Q

What do grey matter tracts of the spinal cord do

A

-receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information

152
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract functions

A

-pain
-temperature

153
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract functions

A

-deep pressure
-fine touch, itching, tickling
-crude, poorly localized touch

154
Q

Direct descending pathways of the spinal cord functions

A

-cause precise, voluntary movements of the trunk and limbs
-voluntary actions of the face, head, and neck

155
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

-31

156
Q

How are spinal nerves named

A

-according to region and level of spinal cord from which they emerge

157
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there

A

-8

158
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there

A

-12

159
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there

A

-5

160
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there

A

-5

161
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are tehre

A

-1

162
Q

Anterior spinal root

A

-motor neuron axons

163
Q

Posterior spinal root

A

-sensory nerve fibres
-contains posterior root ganglion

164
Q

Posterior root ganglion

A

-enlargement of the posterior spinal root that contains sensory neuron cell bodies

165
Q

Spinal nerve trunk

A

-anterior and posterior root merge to form this
-results in every nerve being a mixed nerve

166
Q

Posterior ramus of spinal nerve trunk

A

-serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

167
Q

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve trunk

A

-serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs
-has 2 small visceral branches

168
Q

Meningeal branch of anterior ramus

A

-reenters vertebral canal
-supplies vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges

169
Q

Communicating rami of anterior ramus

A

-components of the autonomic division of the PNS

170
Q

How many cranial sensory nerves are there?

A

-3

171
Q

How many cranial motor nerves are there?

A

-4

172
Q

How many cranial mixed nerves are there?

A

-5

173
Q

Olfactory nerve (I) classification

A

-sensory

174
Q

Olfactory nerve (I) function

A

-olfaction (sense of smell)

175
Q

Olfactory nerve (I) passage

A

-pass through cribriform plate and synapse with other neurons in the olfactor bulbs
-or form the olfactory tracts and travel to olfactory area

176
Q

Optic nerve (II) classification

A

-sensory

177
Q

Optic nerve (II) function

A

-vision
-signals from rods and cones are relayed to ganglion cells

178
Q

Optic chiasm

A

-2 optic nerves unite and cross over to form this area
-medial side fibres cross over
-lateral side fibres remain on the same side

179
Q

Optic tract

A

-posterior to optic chiasm, regrouped fibres form the optic tracts

180
Q

Optic nerve (II) passage

A

-most fibres travel to the lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus
-some travel to the superior colliculli of the midbrain

181
Q

Oculomotor (III) nerve classification

A

-motor

182
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) function

A

-innervated both extraocular and intrinsic smooth eyeball muscles

183
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) divisions

A

-superior and inferior branches
-both enter eye orbit via superior orbital fissure

184
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) superior branch innervates what

A

-superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles (upper eyelid)

185
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) inferior branch innervates what

A

-medial rectus
-inferior rectus
-inferior oblique
-also provides parasympathetic innervation to ciliary ganglion

186
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) specific functions

A

-regulating movements of upper eyelid and eyeball
-adjustment of lens for near vision
-contstriction of pupil

187
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV) classification

A

-motor

188
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV) function

A

-movement of eyeball

189
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV) passage

A

-originates in midbrain and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure

190
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V) classification

A

-mixed

191
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V) nerve branches

A

-opthalamic nerve
-maxillary nerve
-mandibular nerve

192
Q

Sensory portion of trigeminal nerve function

A

-touch
-pain
-thermal sensations

193
Q

Motor portion of the trigeminal nerve function

A

-supply the muscles of mastication

194
Q

Ophthalmic nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage

A

-enters the orbit via superior orbital fissure

195
Q

Maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage

A

-passes through the foramen rotundum

196
Q

Mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage

A

-exits through the foramen ovale

197
Q

Ophthalmic nerve (branch of trigeminal) function

A

-carries signals from upper eyelid, lacrimal glands, cornea, upper part of nasal cavity, side of the nose, forehead and anterior half of scalp

198
Q

Maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal) function

A

-carries signals from the nasal mucosa, palate, part of pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, lower eyelid

199
Q

Mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal) function

A

-carries signals from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, lower teeth, cheek, skin over mandible, floor of mouth

200
Q

Abducens nerve (VI) classification

A

-motor

201
Q

Abducens nerve (VI) passage

A

-travel from the nucleus to the lateral rectus muscle via the superior orbital fissure of the orbit

202
Q

Abducens nerve (VI) function

A

-abduction of the eyeball

203
Q

Facial nerve (VII) classification

A

-mixed

204
Q

Facial nerve (VII) passage

A

-sensory portion: from tastebuds of tongue to special sensory ganglion to a nucleus in the pons
-motor portion: from nucleus in the pons to innervate middle ear, facial, scalp and neck muscles

205
Q

Facial nerve (VII) function

A

-skin sensations
-innervation of skeletal muscles involved in facial expression
-parasympathetic innervation to various glands in the head

206
Q

Vestibulocohlear nerve (VIII) classification

A

-sensory

207
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) branches

A

-vestibular branch
-cochlear branch

208
Q

What is the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve associated with

A

-pons

209
Q

What is the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve associated with

A

-medulla

210
Q

Vestibular branch (vestibulocochlear nerve) function

A

-sends nerve impulses to inner ear structures

211
Q

Cochlear branch (vestibulocochlear nerve) function

A

-transmits nerve impulses associated with hearing

212
Q

Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) classification

A

-mixed

213
Q

Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) passage

A

-sensory: originate from taste buds to the medulla
-motor: originate from nuclei and exit from the jugular foramen

214
Q

Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) sensory functions

A

-taste, proprioceptors, monitoring blood pressure, monitoring blood gas levels

215
Q

Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) motor functions

A

-innervate the stylopharngeus muscle which aids in swallowing

216
Q

Vagus nerve (X) classification

A

-mixed

217
Q

Vagus nerve (X) passage

A

-travel from visceral sensory receptors of thoracic and abdominal organs etc

218
Q

Vagus nerve (X) sensory function

A

-taste, blood pressure monitoring and blood gas monitoring

219
Q

Vagus nerve (X) motor function

A

-supply smooth muscles in the respiratory passageways, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestine

220
Q

Accessory (XI) nerve classification

A

-mixed

221
Q

Accessory nerve (XI) passage

A

-gray horn of cervical spinal cord, enter the foramen magnum and exit via the jugular foramen

222
Q

Accessory nerve (XI) sensory function

A

-proprioception, pain

223
Q

Accessory nerve (XI) motor function

A

-transmit impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
-coordinate head and pectoral girdle movements

224
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) classification

A

-motor

225
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) passage

A

-originate in a nucleus in the medulla, travel through hypoglossal canal and innervate muscles of the tongue

226
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) function

A

-transmit nerve impulses related to speech and swallowing

227
Q

Somatic motor pathways

A

-begin in neural circuits in the brain and spinal cord which create the motor signals that result in the production of all voluntary and involuntary movements

228
Q

Where are lower motor neurons

A

-cell bodies are in the brain stem and spinal cord

229
Q

3 groups of neurons that participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons

A

-upper motor neurons
-corpus striatum neurons
-cerebellar neurons

230
Q

Upper motor neurons types

A

-primary motor cortex UMNs
-brainstem UMNs

231
Q

Primary motor cortex UMNs function

A

-carry signals involved in motor planning and execution of voluntary movements

232
Q

Brainstem UMNs function

A

-carry motor output to help regulate posture, balance, muscle tone and reflexive head and trunk movements

233
Q

Corpus striatum neurons

A

-assist movement

234
Q

Cerebellar neurons

A

-assist movement

235
Q

Direct motor pathways

A

-provide input to lower motor neurons via axons that extend directly from cerebral cortex

236
Q

Indirect motor pathways

A

-provide input to lower motor neurons from motor centers in the brain stem

237
Q

Premotor area (in cerebral cortex) function

A

-receives signal regarding the desire to move a body part and then creates the motor plan

238
Q

Primary motor area (in cerebral cortex) function

A

-major control center for initiation and execution of voluntary movements

239
Q

Corpus striatum functions

A

-initiating and terminating movements
-suppressing unwanted movements
-controlling the level of muscle tone
-influencing cortical function

240
Q

Cerebellar movement functions

A

-monitoring intentions for movements
-monitoring actual
-comparing command signals with sensory information
-sending out corrective feedback signals

241
Q

Vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons function

A

-control postural reflexes
-nuclei receives sensory input from the eyes
-the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
-proprioceptors in muscles and joints

242
Q

Reticular formation in the medulla, pons, and midbrain function

A

-helps control posture
-receives input eyes, ears, cerebellum, and corpus striatum

243
Q

Superior colliculus of the midbrain function

A

-receives visual and auditory input that stimulates the body to turn in the direction of a sudden visual or auditory cue

244
Q

Meningeal sinuses

A

-superior sagittal sinus
-inferior sagittal sinus
-transverse sinus
-straight sinus
-sigmoid sinus
-cavernous sinus

ANAT 316 (9 decks)

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