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Ophthalmology > The Eye in Systemic Disease > Flashcards

The Eye in Systemic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the disease process that leads to ischaemia of the eye in diabetes?

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia-> Glycosylation of protein/basement membrane -> loss of pericytes -> microaneurysm-> leakage and ischaemia

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2
Q

What are the signs of non-proliferative retinopathy?

A

Microaneurysm/Dot and blot haemorrhages

Hard exudate

Cotton wool patches

Abnormalities of venous calibre

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities

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3
Q

Describe the pattern of new vessel growth in diabetes?

A

Grow on disc

Grow in the periphery

Grow on iris if ischaemia is severe

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4
Q

What causes diabetic patients to lose vision?

A

Retinal oedema affecting the fovea

Vitreous haemorrhage

Scarring/tractional retinal detachment

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5
Q

Describe Classification 1: retinopathy

A
  • No retinopathy
  • Mild/moderate/ severe (non proliferative)
  • Proliferative
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6
Q

Describe Classification 2: Maculopathy

A
  • No maculopathy
  • Observable maculopathy
  • Referable maculopathy
  • Cliniccaly significant maculopathy
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7
Q

How is diabetic eye disease managed?

A

Glycaemic control

Laser

  • Panretinal Photocoagulation (PRP)
  • macular grid

Surgery
-vitrectomy

Rehabilitation

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8
Q

What does the appearance of the fundus correlate to in hypertension?

A

Severity of hypertension and the state of the retinal arterioles

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9
Q

What are the features of hypertensive retinopathy?

A 
Attenuated blood vessels- copper or silver wiring
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates
Retinal haemorrhage
Optic disc oedema
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10
Q

Describe accelerated hypertension

A

Particularly in young patients
Very dramatic fundal appearance
Can have decreased vision

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11
Q

What is the cherry red spot in CRAO?

A

Retinal nerve fibres become swollen apart from fovea (cherry red spot)

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12
Q

Define a rubeotic eye

A

Neovascularisation of the iris

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13
Q

Describe a branch retinal vein occlusion

A

Painless disturbance in vision, may be asymptomatic, may be aware of loss of part of visual field

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14
Q

What are the causes of non-infective uveitis

A

Sarcoidosis
HLA-B27
Juvenile arthritis
Bechet’s disease

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15
Q

What are the infective causes of uveitis?

A 
TB
HZ
Toxoplasmosis 
Candidiasis 
Syphillis 
Lyme disease
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16
Q

What is GCA associated with?

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of GCA?

A

Jaw claudication
Malaise
Raised plasma viscosity
Blinding condition

18
Q

What may be seen in extraocular thyroid eye disease?

A

Proptosis
Lid Signs
Restrictive myopathy

19
Q

What are the lid signs found in thyroid eye disease?

A

Retraction
Oedema
Lag
Pigmentation

20
Q

What may be seen in the anterior compartment in thyroid eye disease?

A

Chemosis
Injection
Exposure
Glaucoma

21
Q

What may be seen in the posterior compartment in thyroid eye disease?

A

choroidal folds

optic nerve swelling

22
Q

What characterises thyroid eye disease?

A

Swelling of extraocular muscles and orbital fat

23
Q

How should thyroid eye disease be managed?

A

Control of thyroid dysfunction

Lubricants

Surgical decompression

24
Q

What are the manifestations of SLE in the eye?

A

Ocular inflammation

25
Q

What are the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis in the eye?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Scleritis

Corneal melt

26
Q

What is the triad of sjogrens disease?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Xerostomia

Rheumatoid arthritis

27
Q

What is an ocular manifestation of sjogrens disease?

A

Inflammation of lacrimal glands

28
Q

What are some of the ocular manifestations of marfans syndrome

A
  • dislocated lenses
  • retinal detachment
  • severe myopia
  • astigmatism
  • amblyopia
  • strabismus
  • glaucoma
  • pre-senile cataracts (before age 40)
  • flattened corneal curve
  • larger cornea
  • exophthalmos
  • difficult pupil dilatation
29
Q

What is seen in stevens-johnson syndrome?

A

Symblepharon

Occlusion of lacrimal glands

Corneal ulcers

30
Q

What is Symblepharon?

A

Adhesions

Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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