Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology > The acute red eye > Flashcards

The acute red eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ocular defences?

A

Lids
Tears
Conjunctivae
Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are tears important?

A
  • tear flow/blinking
  • mucous trapping
  • lysozyme
  • immunoglobulin -IgA, IgG
  • complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe anterior blepharitis?

A

Seborrheoic (squamous)= scales on lashes

Staphylococcal (infection involving the lash follicle)

Lid margin is redder than the deeper part of lid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe posterior blepharitis?

A
  • meibomian gland dysfunction
  • redness is in the deeper part of lid
  • lid margin is often quite normal looking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the symptoms of blepharitis

A
  • gritty eyes
  • foreign body sensation
  • mild discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs of anterior seborrhoeic blepharitis?

A
  • lid margin red
  • scales ++
  • dandruff +
  • no ulceration
  • lashes unaffected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the signs of anterior staphylococcal blepharitis?

A
  • lid margin red
  • lashes distorted, loss of lashes
  • ingrowing lashes- trichiasis
  • styes, ulcers of lid margin
  • corneal staining
  • marginal ulcers (due to exotoxin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs of posterior blepharitis?

A
  • lid margin and skin and lashes unaffected
  • MG openings pouting and swollen
  • inspissated (dried) secretion at gland openings
  • meibomian cysts (chalazia)
  • associated with acne rosacea (50%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the treatment of blepharitis?

A
  • lid hygiene- daily bathing/warm compresses
  • supplementary tear drops
  • oral doxyclyine for 2-3 months

very difficult to eradicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the infective causes of conjunctivitis?

A

Viral
Bacterial
Chlamydial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the non-infective causes of conjunctivitis?

A

Allergic
Chemical/drugs
Skin disease- eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red eye
Foreign body sensation
Discharge
Itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the signs of conjunctivitis?

A

redness focused to fornices

Discharge

Papillae or follicles

Sub conjunctival haemorrhage

Chemosis

Pre-auricular gland swelling if viral

Unaffected vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe acute bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Red sticky eye

Self limiting, will clear in 14 days with no treatment (antibiotics will clear faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the most common organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staph aureus
Pneumonia
H. Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common causes of follicular conjunctivitis?

A

Viral (adenovirus, HS, HZ)
Chlamydial
Drugs e.g. propine, truspot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is chemises?

A

Conjunctival oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the causes of chronic conjunctivitis?

A

Blepharitis

Chlamydial infection

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Lacrimal diseae

Sensitivity to glaucoma medication

Subtarsal foreign body

19
Q

What are the causes of central corneal ulcers (infective)?

A

Viral
Fungal
Bacterial
Acanthamoeba

20
Q

What are the causes of peripheral (autoimmune) corneal ulcers?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Hypersensitivity (marginal ulcers)

Wegener’s granulomatosis

Polyartertitis

21
Q

What are the symptoms of corneal ulcers

A 
Pain
-severe, needle like 
Photophobia 
Profuse lacrimation 
Reduced vision
22
Q

What are the signs of corneal ulcers

A

Red eye (circumcorneal)
Corneal reflex abnormal
Corneal opacity
Hypopyon

23
Q

What causes exposure keratitis?

A

Thyroid, VII palsy

24
Q

What causes keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

sjogrens

25
Q

What causes neurotrophic keratitis?

A

Herpes zoster or V1

26
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can cause corneal ulcers?

A

Vitamin A

27
Q

What is the treatment for corneal ulcers?

A

Corneal scrape for gram stain and culture

Antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory

28
Q

Which antimicrobial is given in corneal ulcers?

A

Ofloxacin hourly

29
Q

Which antiviral is given in corneal ulcers?

A

Aciclovir ointment 5x daily

30
Q

What are the autoimmune causes of anterior uveitis?

A

Reiters, Ulcerative Colitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, sarcoidosis

31
Q

Which malignancy can cause anterior uveitis?

A

Leukemia

32
Q

Which infections can cause anterior uveitis?

A

Syphillis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster

33
Q

What are the other non immune/malignant causes of anterior uveitis?

A

Trauma, secondary to other eye disorders, idiopathic

34
Q

What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis?

A

Pain (+referred pain)
Vision may be reduced
Photophobia
Red eye (circumcorneal)

35
Q

What are the signs of anterior uveitis?

A

Ciliary injection

Cells and floaters in anterior chamber

Keratitis precipitated

Hypopyon
Synechiae
-small or irregular pupil

36
Q

What is the management of anterior uveitis?

A

Topical steroids (pred forte 1% hourly tapering over 4-8weeks)

Mydriatics (cyclopentoate 1% BD)

37
Q

What is episcleritis associated with?

A

Gout

38
Q

What may occur in episcleritis?

A

Nodules

39
Q

What is the treatment for episcleritis?

A

Self-limiting, lubricants, topical NSAIDs, mild steroids

40
Q

What is scleritis associated with?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, wegener’s granulomatosis, uveitis

41
Q

What are the symptoms of scleritis?

A

Pain

42
Q

What can be observed in scleritis?

A

Injection of deep vascular plexus- violaceous hue

43
Q

What is the phenylephrine test?

A

It can differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis- superficial inflammation in episcleritis (the vessels will blanch)

44
Q

What is the treatment of scleritis?

A

Oral NSAIDs
Oral steroids
Steroid sparing agents

Ophthalmology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions