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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium is ….. therefore …. soluble drugs penetrate the epithelium

A

epithelium is lipophilic/hydrophobic therefore lipid soluble drugs penetrate the epithelia

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2
Q

Stroma is …. therefore …. soluble drugs penetrate the stroma

A

stroma is lipophobic/hydrophilic therefore water soluble drugs penetrate stroma

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3
Q

Chloramphenicol is both …. & …..

A

lipophilic and hydrophilic

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4
Q

ocular surface inflammation can …. the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium and ….. penetration

A

ocular surface inflammation can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium and increase penetration

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5
Q

Dry eyes … penetration?

A

Aid

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6
Q

Hydrophilic drugs are limited by the …

A

epithelium

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7
Q

Hydrophobic drugs are limited by the ….

A

stroma

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8
Q

Adding ……. or …… to a steroid makes it more ….. and allows penetration of the ……

A

Adding alcohol or acetate to a steroid makes it more hydrophobic and allows penetration of the epithelium

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9
Q

Adding ……. to a steroid makes it more ….. and allows penetration of the ……

A

Adding phosphate to a steroid makes it more hydrophyllic and allows penetration of the stroma

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10
Q

Describe prednisolone acetate

A

Hydrophobic
Good penetration of cornea
Used post-op

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11
Q

Describe prednisolone phosphate

A

Hydrophilic
Poor penetration of un-inflamed cornea
Used for cornea disease or for low dose steroid

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12
Q

What is belzalkonium chloride?

A

Used as surfactant

Antibacterial agent

Aids penetration of hydrophilic drugs

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13
Q

What does benzalkonium cause?

A

Dry eye, disruption of tear film

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14
Q

What is bimatoprost?

A

IOP lowering drug containing benzalkonium

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15
Q

How can systemic absorption of topical drugs be reduced?

A

-punctual occlusion

pinch tear duct for 5 minutes and then close eye; useful when using drugs like B blockers

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16
Q

Describe subtenons drug administration

A

fibrous layer which starts at limbus and regresses with age

drugs enter back of orbit

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17
Q

What can’t be used in intravitreal injections?

A

Toxic drugs

18
Q

When is intravitreal injection used?

A

Endophthalmitis

19
Q

What is the benefit of intracameral injection?

A

Can use high dose steroids without systemic effect

20
Q

What drugs are used to treat infection?

A 
Chloramphenicol 
Aciclovir (zovirax)
Flucloxacillin (Exocin)
Dexathametasone (maxidex)
Prednisolone
21
Q

When are steroids used topically?

A
  1. post-op cataracts
  2. uveitis
  3. to prevent corneal graft rejection
  4. temporal arteritis
22
Q

When are topical NSAIDs used?

A

pain relief eg post refractive laser

given in patients with macular oedema

corneal abrasion

23
Q

What are anti-histamines used for?

A

Hay fever

24
Q

What are mast cell stabilisers used for?

A

Uncontrolled allergic eye disease

25
Q

How does pilocarpine work?

A

parasympathomimetic, open up drain

glaucoma

26
Q

How does acetazolamide work?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, reduce aqueous production

glaucoma

27
Q

How does xalatan (lantanoprost) work?

A

Open drain

glaucoma

28
Q

How does timolol work?

A

b blocker; turn off tap by blocking b receptors in ciliary body

29
Q

What are the local side effects of steroids?

A

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

30
Q

What are fluorescein drops used for?

A
  • shows corneal abrasion
  • shows dendritic ulcer
  • identified leaks
  • tonometry
  • diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction
  • angiography
31
Q

Name some dilating drops?

A
  • atropine
  • phenylephrine
  • hydrochloride
  • tropicamide
  • mydrilate
32
Q

Which dilating drops block parasympathetic?

A

tropicamide, cyclopentolate

33
Q

How do sympathomimetic drugs work?

A

causes pupil to dilate (dilator pupillae)

34
Q

How do local aesthetics work?

A

Block sodium channel and impede nerve conduction

35
Q

When are local anaesthetic drops used?

A
  • FB removal
  • tonometry (IOP measurement)
  • corneal scraping
  • comfort
  • cataract surgery
36
Q

What shouldn’t be given in herpetic keratitis

A

steroids

37
Q

What does vigabatrin cause?

A

Anticonvilsant which causes irreversible contraction of visual field

38
Q

What can ethambutol cause?

A

Optic neuropathy

39
Q

What does hydroxychloroquine at high doses cause?

A

Maculopathy

40
Q

What does amiodarone cause?

A

Vortex keratopathy (brown pigmentation of epithelium of cornea)

Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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