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Ophthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus (found within the ventricles)

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2
Q

Where does CSF travel to beyond the ventricles?

A

Circulates in the subarachnoid space and absorbed in the venous circulation

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3
Q

What are the three major functions of the CSF?

A

Mechanical protection

Homeostatic function

Circulation

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4
Q

Describe the homeostatic function of CSF

A

pH affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow/ transports hormones

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5
Q

What can a lumbar puncture aid to diagnose?

A

Pathology in the brain, meninges and spinal cord

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6
Q

Describe the components of normal CSF?

A

Clear and colourless

Contains (14-45mg/dl)

Little immunoglobulins

1-5cells/ml

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7
Q

At three weeks the developing nervous system consists of

A

Neural canal

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8
Q

What does the cavity of the neural canal give rise to?

A

Adult brains ventricles and the spinal cords central canal

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9
Q

Where does the choroid plexus develop from?

A

Cells in the walls of the ventricles

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10
Q

What forms the choroid fissure?

A

Developing arteries invagination the roof of the ventricle

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11
Q

Which ventricles can choroid plexi be found in?

A

3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

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12
Q

What ions are transported across the epithelium from blood to CSF in CSF production?

A

Na
Cl
HCO3

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13
Q

What does secretion of CSF from the choroid plexus depend upon?

A

Active transport of Na across cells into CSF

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14
Q

What is the intraventricular foramina (of monroe)?

A

Lateral ventricles to third ventricle

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15
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius?

A

Third to fourth ventricle

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16
Q

What is the foramen of megendie?

A

Median aperture- fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

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17
Q

What is the foramen of luschka?

A

Lateral apertures- fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

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18
Q

CSF enters the subarachnoid space through

A

pores

19
Q

Which ventricle is CSF formed in?

A

Lateral ventricles

20
Q

Describe the path of CSF from the lateral ventricle

A

Alows to third ventricle through the interventricular foramina
more CSF is added by chroroid plexus in roof of third ventricle
flows through the aqueduct of midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
and into the fourth ventricle
another choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF
CSF then enters the subarachnoid space (between pia and dura mater) through three openings in rood of fourth ventricle
single median aperture
paired lateral apertures
then circulates in the central canal in the spinal cord

21
Q

How does CSF return to the venous blood?

A

arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus

22
Q

The blood CSF barrier is

A

leaky

23
Q

What does the BBB consist of?

A

capillary endothelium, basal membrane and perivascular astrocytes

24
Q

What is the role of tight junctions in BBB

A

Prevent paracellular movement of molecules

25
Q

Which parts of the brain lack BBB

A

Circumventricular organs or pineal gland

26
Q

What does the BBB protect against?

A

common bacterial infections and toxins

27
Q

What is the main barrier for drug delivery to the CNS?

A

BBB

28
Q

What tumours can be found in the ventricles, choroid plexus?

A

Colloid cyst: interventricular foramen

Ependymomas: ependymal cells lining ventricles

Choiroid plecus tumours

29
Q

What kinds of haemorrhage cause accumulation of blood in the ventricles?

A

Epidural haematoma

Subdural Haematoma

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

30
Q

What is an epidural haematoma?

A

Arterial bleed between skull and dura

31
Q

What is a subdural haematoma?

A

venous bleed between dura and arachnoid

32
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system or around the brain

33
Q

What is idiopathic hypertension/pseudotumour cerebri

A

Increased CSF pressure with no imaging features of hydrocephalus

34
Q

What are the symptoms of pseudo tumour cerebri?

A

Headache

Visual disturbances

35
Q

What does aqueous humor provide?

A

Oxygen, metabolites, bicarbonate

36
Q

What is the purpose of bicarbonate in aqueous?

A

Buffers the H+ produced in the cornea and lens by anaerobic glycolysis

37
Q

What is the role of ascorbate in the aqueous?

A

Powerful antioxidant

38
Q

Describe the path of aqueous ?

A

Produced by ciliary body in posterior chamber of eye

Flows into anterior chamber and drains into scleral venous sinus through a trabecular meshwork and the canal of schlemm

A small amount is passed into vitreous

39
Q

Where is the canal of schlemm situated?

A

Iridocorneal angle

40
Q

What is the pigmented epithelium?

A

Faces the blood inside the ciliary epithelium

41
Q

What is the non-pigmented epithelium?

A

Lined the inside of the retina and generates aqueous humour

42
Q

What blocks the production of aqueous?

A

Carbonic anhydrite inhibitors

43
Q

How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work?

A

Prevents the transport of cl and Na into the cell

44
Q

What causes the movement of water through aquaporins?

A

net trafficking of ions an osmotic gradient is generated causing the movement of water via aquaporins

Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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