The eye and its muscles

Question 1

what part of the globe of the eye do all the extraocular muscles attach to

Answer 1

the sclera

Question 2

3 actions of the inferior oblique muscle

Answer 2

elevates
abducts
laterally rotates

Question 3

3 actions of the superior oblique muscle

Answer 3

depresses
abducts
medially rotates

Question 4

where does the superior oblique muscle originate

Answer 4

the roof of the sphenoid bone

Question 5

what is the purpose of the 2 oblique muscles

Answer 5

to counteract rotation created by the recti as the recti dont produce a pure action, since their long axis is not in line with the

Question 6

what is the main abductor of the eye

Answer 6

lateral rectus, but the obliques help this action

Question 7

3 actions of the superior oblique muscle

Answer 7

elevates, medially rotates, adduction

Question 8

what nerve innervates levator palpibrae superioris

Answer 8

oculomotor nerve CN 3

Question 9

what muscle within the upper eyelid has innervation via the sympathetic system to open the eye lid

Answer 9

superior tarsal muscke

Question 10

where does the the superior tarsal plate of the upper eyelid originate

Answer 10

the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

Question 11

what does the levator palpabrae superioris insert onto

Answer 11

the superior tarsal place

Question 12

what gland is on a more lateral plane than the latral rectus muscle

Answer 12

the lacrimal gland

Question 13

what is the conscious innervation of the lacrimal gland

Answer 13

trigeminal nerve, V1

Question 14

what 2 eye muscles have isolated actions and so are tested first

Answer 14

medial and lateral rectus

Question 15

what innervates the medial rectus muscle

Answer 15

oculomotor nerve

Question 16

what position do we put the eye in to test inf and sup oblique

Answer 16

put the eye in a position, using superior and inferior rectus that would give maximum rotation and look for complete correction by the obliques

Question 17

to test superior obique, what position would you put the eye into

Answer 17

abduct the eye 30 degrees, and look up, so that inferior rectus would be giving maximum lateral rotation

Question 18

to test inferior oblique, what position would you put the eye in

Answer 18

look medially 30 degrees, then look down. so that superior rectus would be trying to give maximum medial rotation

Question 19

does inferior oblique stop intorsion or extortion?

Answer 19

intorsion

Question 20

why do you ask the patient to look 30 degrees laterally to test superior rectus

Answer 20

the pull of the muscles to be parallel to the optic axis

Question 21

eye problems: what is a duction

Answer 21

this is abduction or adduction of just one eye, so monocular

Question 22

eye problems: what are versions

Answer 22

bilateral, this is adduction or abduction of both eyes, this is dextroversion as they cannot straighten their eyes

Question 23

eye problems: what are vergences

Answer 23

this is binocular, but where the eyes aren’t pointing in the same direction, so disconjugate, so both are looking medially

Question 24

when going down stairs and seeing 2 sets, which muscle should be working. which one is not working and what type of movement is it failing to oppose

Answer 24

inferior rectus and superior oblique.

superior oblique, lateral rotation (extorsion)

Question 25

when seeing 2 images when going up stairs, what action is unopposed by an oblique muscle

Answer 25

medial rotation (intorsion). as inferior oblique isn’t working

Question 26

what type of function is lost in the head as a result of horner’s syndrome

Answer 26

sympathetic function

Question 27

what muscle of the eyelid is affected by horner’s syndrome

Answer 27

superior tarsal muscle as this has sympathetic innervation

Question 28

what type of autonomic innervation is sent via the oculomotor nerve to the levator palpabrae superioris

Answer 28

parasympathetic

Question 29

when would you surgically induce horner’s syndrome

Answer 29

when a patient suffers hyperhydrosis and it is affecting their life adversely

Question 30

what ganglion is obliterated to treat hyperhydrosis

Answer 30

cervicothoracic ganglion

Question 31

name 4 problems associated with a tumour in the jugular foramen

Answer 31

dysphonia, dysphagia, loss of taste and sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, unilateral wasting of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Question 32

foramen magnum syndrome is:

Answer 32

compression of the lower brain stem, the spinal cord or part of the cerebellum

Question 33

give 3 results of foramen magnum syndrome

Answer 33

pain in the head, neck, limbs and trunk, vertigo (cerebellum) and gait disturbance, pyramidal signs.

Question 34

what part of the sympathetic roots (of t1 to L2) supply the orbit? and what ganglion do they have to pass through to get there?

Answer 34

T1. the stellate ganglion.

Question 35

what 2 structures in the orbit have sympathetic innervation

Answer 35

the dilator pupilae muscle and the blood vessels

Question 36

what 2 CNs supply parasympathetic innervation to the orbit, what nucleus do they pass through first in the brainstem.

Answer 36

oculomotor, edinger-westphal nucleus.

facial, goes to a ganglion in the teporal bone first though, not the edinger-westphal in the brainstem.

Question 37

drainage of the tears from the lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity.

Answer 37

lacrimal gland, globe, superior and inferior punctum, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct,inferior meatus of the nose.

Question 38

what 3 structures are in the optic canal behind the eye

Answer 38

the opthalmic artery (which gives rise to the central retinal artery), optic nerve, superior opthalmic vein.

Question 39

what ganglion is at the back of the orbit

Answer 39

the ciliary ganglion