Neuro Flashcards
give the embryological parts of the brain from rostral/cranial to caudal
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
what are the elevations of the cerebral cortex called
Gyri
what is the name for the cerebral cortex depressions
sulci
what separates the 2 cerebral hesmispheres
the deep longitudinal fissure
how many lobes are the hemispheres divided into
8 lobes
give 5 functions of the frontal lobes
memory language personality motor function spontaneity
where is brocha’s area
the inferior frontal gyrus
give 2 functions of brocha’s area
production of language
language interpretation
give a function of Wernicke’s area
understanding spoken word
where does the parietal lobe go from and 2 anatomically
from behind the central sulcus to the imaginary parietoccipital fissure posteriorly
which of the parietal lobes has the association cortex that does complex motor planning
The left parietal lobe
what 2 areas are contained in the parietal lobe
the primary somatosensory cortex
the association cortex
name 4 things contained in the temporal lobe
the primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area
The hippocampus
Amygdala
Aphasia
The inability to speak, when the Brocha’s motor speech is affected, so you cannot say remembered words. This is motor aphasia
sensory aphasia
cannot comprehend spoken word nor speak it. Due to damage to Wernicke’s area of the temporal lobe
what embryological division of the brain is hidden by the hemispheres
the diencephalon
what forns the diencephalon
the thalamus, hypothalamus and related features (the mamillary bodies)
which cranial fossae does the mesencephalon (midbrain) span
the middle and posterior cranial fossae and the function between these
3 things held within the brainstem
reticular formation
cranial nerve nuclei
the ascending and descending tracts
metencephalon gives rise to which 2 structures
the pons and the cerebellum
what is the myelencephalon and where does it end
the medulla oblongata and ends at the foramen magnum or the uppermost rootlets of the upper cervical nerves
what are the folded parts of the cerebellum called
the folia
what is the vermis
it is the fluid filled ventricule of the cerebellum
roles of the cerebellum
movement and coordinate of muscles including the eyes, posture, equilibrium and smoothing out movements
where is the insula cortex
deep within the lateral sulcus
what are the opercula
they are the lips of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes that overlie the insular lobe
what lobe can you NOT see when looking at the top of the brain
the temporal lobe
what lies on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe and can be traced posteriorly to the occipital lobe
the optic tracts
what part of the limbic system is either side of the midbrain
the hippocampus
what is the amygdala involved in
the experiencing of emotion
are the mamillary bodies infront of or behind the optic chiasm
behind
what structures of the diencephalon are the only ones visible on the underside of the brain without cutting away
the mamillary bodies
Where do parasympathetic nerves arise from in CNS?
Cranial Nerves: 3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral Nerve: 2, 3, 4
Where do the sympathetic nerve arise from in the CNS?
T1-L2
What forms the striatum in the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
What forms the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and the globus pallidus in the basal ganglia.
Which cranial nerves leave through the superior orbital fissure?
CN: III, IV, V1, VI
oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal - ophthalmic branch, abducens
what part of the brain does the cerebellum fall into?
the hindbrain
give 3 functions of the cerebellum
muscle tone, balance and coordination of movement in movement
what structures allow the cerebellum to communicate with the rest of the brain
the peduncles
what is the cerebellar medulla and what are the nuclei called that it contains
the inner core of white matter. te deep nuclei
what are the ridges of the cerebellar cortex called and what is their purpose?
the folia. to increase the surface area of the cortex
what separates the superior surface of the cerebellum from the occipital lobe’s inferior surface
the tentorium cerecelli
what is the vermis
it is v similar in constituents to the cerebellar cortex but has less grey matter, it connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
what is the v shaped fissure of the cerebellum that divides it into an anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres
the primary fissure.
what fissure is on the posterior surface of the cerebellum where it is direct contact with posterior orbital fissure and is able to divide the cerebellum into a superior and inferior surface
the horizontal fissure
what fissure demarcates the flocculonodular lobes
uvulonodular fissure
what region of muscles does the vermis of the cerebellum control?
the axial/trunk muscles and the proximal limb muscles and so is part of the spinocerebellum
what part of the cerebellum is concerned with controlling the distal musculature of the limbs
the paravermal region. and so is part of the spinocerebellum
what is the floculonodular lobe concerned with
smooth eye movements, posture and balance and so is called the vestibulocerebellum, so is said to be involved in proprioception
what artery supplies the bottom of the cerebellum at the back and where does is arise from and what other nearby structure does it supply?
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, the vertebral artery. the medulla
what peduncle carries the corticopontocerebellar tracts and brings in most of the inputs to the cerebellum. which parts of the cerebellum does it specifically go to and why
the middle peduncle. the neocerebellum aka pontocerebellum aka cerebrocerebellum. as this is concerned with the correction and coordination of movement. so sensory input must take place to know what movement has been carried out, to adjust it if necessary or coordinate it with the following movements
what allows the main outflow from the cerebellum, such as from the dentate nucleus, in which the fibres also then decussate in the red nucleus of the midbrain after passing out of this
the superior cerebellar peduncle
what appearance does the dentate nucleus have
a zigzag appearance
which peduncle holds the spinocerebellar tracts to the cerebellum?
the inferior peduncle
what sinuses do the veins coming from the cerbellum drain into?
the superior (superior lateral veins) and inferior petrosal sinus (inferior lateral veins) and the great cerebral vein of gallen (superior median vein) and straight sinus (inferior median vein)
what is the floor of the 4th ventricle composed of
the dorsal surface of the pons and medulla
what film of non neural tissue is between the 3rd and 4th ventricle
the superior medullary velum
what 3 parts of the cerebellar vermis are above and posterior to the medullary velum
lingula, central lobe/ lobule and the culmen. these form the anterior anatomical lobe of the vermis
what part of the vermis is posterior to the end (bottom) of the 4th ventricle
the nodule, which eventually joins the flocculus if followed round the side
from below, into the 4th ventricle, what does the choroid plexus have to cross to enter the 4th ventricle?
the inferior midullary velum
what part of the cerebellum can herniate through the foramen magnum when there is increased intercranial pressure or attraction from below
cerebellar tonsil
give 5 features of someone with a damaged cerebellum
loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia), inability to form rapid ulternating movements (adlodocokineasia), staggering wide-based walking (atoxic gait- as it looks like you are drunk), weak muscles (so hypotonia), slurred speach (ataxic dysarthria), abnormal eye movements (nystagmus, as the semicircular canals feed information via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum), intention tremor and inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria)
what fibres are mainly contained in the a. superior peduncle b. middle peduncle c. inferior colliculus
a. spinocerebellar tracts (so then you will output to the muscles to tell them to contract etc) b. corticopontocerebellar tracts (so info from the primary motor cortex of the motor planning area and the same information goes to the spine) c. vestibulocerebellar tracts (so vestibular impulses from the labrynths)
what is the 4th ventricle continuous with above it?
the cerebral aqueduct/ aqueduct of sylvius
what part of the brain is the 4th ventricle
the hindbrain
what makes up the roof of the 4th ventricle, give 4
the peduncles and the vermis of the cerebellum, the gracile and cuneate tubercles (the dorsal column nuclei)
what is the function of the area postrena
it initiates the vomiting reflex, as it lacks a blood brain barrier and so toxins can enter it, be detected by the chemoreceptors and initiate vomiting
what 2 CNs cause the facial colliculus (bump)
7 and 6
what separated the 4th ventricle int right and left
the posterior medial sulcus
what types of nuclei (sensory or motor) and more median to the posterior median sulcus in the brainstem
motor
what are the fibres that flow from the cerebellum too the pons and divide the floor of the 4th ventricle into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half called?
medullary striae
why is it that if you have damage to your corpus callosum, you cannot name objects in your left hemifield
because the crossing over of fibres means that the visual signals will go to the right of the occipital lobe, but the area for language formation is in brocha’s area is on the left of the brain, so there is no way to link these u as the corpus callosum is no longer connecting the hemispheres
what separates the 2 halves of the diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus)
3rd ventricle
what is the corpus callosum an example of (type of fibre)
commisure
what is the sheet called that is the continuation of the corpus callosum anteriorly
the lamina terminalis, a thin sheet of epindyma and pia
what forms the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle
the lamina terminalis that is in fromt of the optic chiasm
what is the septum pellucidum (what does it separate)
the anterior horns of the left and right ventricle, running as a sheet down from the corpus callosum down to the fornix
what is the fornix and what is it below?
it is below the body of the corpus callosum, it is a bundle of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the diencephalon
what lobe is wernicke’s area in
parietal lobe
what lobe is brocha’s area in
frontal lobe
what vein is at the back of the corpus callosum?
the great cerebral vein of galen
is the pineal gland at the back of front of the corpus callosum
back
what does the interthalamic adhesion connect?
the 2 thalami
what is the difference between the column vs comissure of the fornix
the column is what descends to the mamillary bodies anteriorly and the commisure is the actual fibres of the fornix that joins the hippocampus on each side
what do the fibres of the fornix convey?
the output from the hippocampus
what are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum
rostrum, genu, body, splenium
what i filled completely with choroid plexus and connects the lateral ventricles to the rest of the ventricular system?
the interventricular foramen but note, the greatest concentration of choroid plexus is in the floor of the 4th ventricle
from top to bottom what is the order of these brainstem nuclei?
vagal, hypoglossal, facial
facial, vagal, hypoglossal
facial, hypoglossal, vagal
facial, hypoglossal then vagal
what are the mamillary bodies important for
recollective memory (so long term memory)
where does the CSF go to from the 4th ventricle?
the subaracnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
once in the subarachnoid space, what reabsorbs the CSF?
the venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations
what representations of the motor and sensory homunculus (what part of the body) is done by the paracentral lobule (v close to the centre)
the lower limb and the genitals
what part of the motor homunculus are represented by the lateral parts of the cortex
parts of the face, so the tongue and lips and intra-abdominal! etc
in what sulcus if the primary visual cortex?
the calcarine sulcus (so part of the occipital lobe)
what is the strio of white atter amongst the occipital cortex called, that gives the occipital lobe the name striate cortex. and what causes it?
striae of gynari. it has myelin surrounding it
what 2 nuclei are in the midbrain and are behind the aqueduct
substantia nigra and red nucleus
death of what nucleus in the midbrain causes it to be black? what substance causes it? and what colour should it be?
red nucleus, it should be red and the pigment is dopamine. this occurs in people with parkinsons disease
why is the grey matter double the size in the primary motor cortex compaired to the somatosensory one?
as they have more cell bodies
what joins the thalami on each side
the interthalamic adhesion
which one of the lateral or medial geniculate bodies relay information to the superior or inferior colliculus
superior colliculus is lateral geniculate and inferior colliculus is via the medial geniculate body
what are the cords called between the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus? so what is the sequence for the pupillary reflex in terms of fibres?
the superior brachium. so for the pupillary reflex sequence is: optic nerve to the lateral geniculate body, via the superior brachium, to the superior colliculus
where is the subthalamus in relation to the hypothalamus and what system is it involved in?
lateral to it. the basal ganglia.
what do association fibres link?
cortical regions within the same hemisphere, so don’t cross hemispheres
what do the commisural fibres link, be specific. which parts of the visual field (peripheral or medial) will/won’t have these connections.
they link functionally related areas of each hemisphere together. medial will, lateral won’t
what do the projection fibres link?
cortical regions to the subcortical regions , eg. the thalamus and the spinal cord. they do this via the internal capsule and corona radiata.
what are the 2 types of glial astrocytes?
fibrous and protoplasmic
what is the main function of astorcytes?
to act as a recycler; by supporting the neurone’s glutamate glutamine shuttle, whereby astrocytes process and convert the glutamate to glutamine.
what is a common disease associated with excess glutamate due to damage to astrocytes?
epilepsy
what do microglia do on activation by ATP?
become increasingly motile and are phagocytotic
what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and what does it stand for?
GABA. Gamma amino-butyric Acid
what 3 things form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes (the protoplasmic type), pericytes and endothelial cells.
The choroid plexus is formed from modified…. cells
epindymal cells
give 4 stages involved in the low-level motor spinal reflex and what specific neurone types are involved
- stretch of intrafusal muscle fibres 2. signals sent via gamma motor neurones 3. effernt signal sent back via alpha motor neurones to the extrafusal muscle fibres causing them to contract
In huntingtons, what neurotansmitter is there a lack of and then an excess of?
lack of GABA from the striatum. Too much dopamine from the substantia nigra
give 2 features of a brain from someone that suffered parkinsons
the sigstantia nigra is small; the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra
do people with huntington’s suffer spasticity or rigidity
spasticity
what types of neurones, other than of the substantia nigra can also produce dopamine. from what substrate and using what enzyme?
serotonin neurones. 5-HTP. aromatic L-amino decarboxylase
what enzyme converts tyrosine to LDOPA?
tyrosine hydroxylase
what enzyme converts LDOPA to dopamine
DOPA decarboxylase
what enzyme converts dopamine to noradrenaline
dopamine B-hydroxylase
what enzyme converts noradrenaline to adrenaline
phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
what receptors are excitatory in the substantia nigra and which ones are inhibitory? D1,D2 and D5
excitatory=D1 and D5
inhibitory=D2
give one physical and one psychiatric result of huntingtons
physical is chorea and psychiatric is dementia
what 2 nuclei make up the striatum?
caudate and putamen
what are the subdivitions of the plobus pallidus
internal and external
what 2 nuclei make up the caudal part of the basal ganglia
the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
what appear to widen in brains of people with huntington’s disease?
lateral ventricles
state the series of substances to make adrenaline in the brain
L-tyrosine, levodopa, Dopamine, noreadrenaline, adrenaline
does D1 or D2 work in the direct and indirect pathway
D2 in indirect; D1 in direct
what is the law of reciprocal innervation in terms of spinal reflexes
there is reciprocal innervation of the antagonistic muscles. Whereby the contraction of one muscle causes the relaxation of the antagonistic muscle, which allows smoother movement.
