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Med P1 > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the superior surface of the heart in the mediastinum

A

the left atrium and the pulmonary veins

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2
Q

what forms the inferior border of the heart in the mediastinum

A

mainly the right ventricle

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3
Q

where is the apex beat in the mediastinum

A

in the let 5th intercostal space directly under the mid clavicular line

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4
Q

what makes up the left border of the heart in the midiastinum, name 4

A

the left atrial appendage
the aortic knuckle
the left pulmonary artery
the left ventricle

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5
Q

at what level is the plane that divides the mediastinum into an inferior and superior part

A

the sternal angle (angle of louis) and the level of the T4 or T5 vertebra

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6
Q

what divides the mediastinum into anterior, middle and posterior

A

the pericardium of the heart

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7
Q

what are thee 2 divisions of the serous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

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8
Q

what order of the layers around the heart is the correct one:

a. the heart, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium
b. the heart, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
c. the heart, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, fibrous pericardium
d. fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

A

a

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9
Q

what is the condition where there is an accumulation of serous fluid within the 2 serous pericardial layers

A

cardiac tamponade

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10
Q

where around the heart could you drain serous fluid without damaging the lung

A

left of the xiphisternum as the left lung is not in this area

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11
Q

at what stage of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries fill with blood

A

diastole

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12
Q

where in the heart do the coronary arteries arise from (be specific)

A

the aortic root sinuses, at the ostia behind the aortic valve leaflets

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13
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the Right Coronary Artery?

A

right marginal artery

posterior descending artery

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14
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the left common carotid artery

A

the circumflex artery

left anterior descending artery

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15
Q

which coronary artery runs in the right atrioventricular groove

A

the right coronary artery

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16
Q

what coronary artery runs in the left atrio ventricular groove

A

the circumflex artery

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17
Q

what coronary artery supplies the anterior septum (ventricular septum)

A

the left anterior descending artery

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18
Q

another name for the right marginal artery

A

posterolateral artery

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19
Q

what artery supplies the anterior right ventricle

A

the right marginal/ acute artery

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20
Q

what artery supplies the interventricular septum on the posterior of the heart

A

the posterior descending artery, aka the posterior interventricular artery

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21
Q

define coronary dominance

A

coronary dominance is defined by which artery (right common carotid of left’s circumflex) gives rise to the PDA

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22
Q

what proportion are right dominant in terms of coronary arteries

A

70%

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23
Q

what proportion are left dominant in therms of coronary arteries

A

10%

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24
Q

what proportion are codominant in therms of coronary arteries

A

20%

25
Q

where in the right atrium is the SAN

A

the right atrium sulcus, ie the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium

26
Q

what parts of the heart lack valves

A

at the entry of the inferior and superior vena cava into the right atrium and at the entry of the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. due to constriction of the entrances of these vessels into the heart on the contraction of the atria

27
Q

what valves are 1. pathologically affected when the ventricles are affected
2. pathologically affected when the pulmonary arteries and orta are affected

A
  1. the mitral and tricuspid valve

2, the oortic and semilunar valves

28
Q

name the muscle and cords of the mitral and tricuspid valve

A

the papillary muscles

the chordae tendinae

29
Q

what is the transverse sinus of the pericardium

A

where the blood vessels (eg superior vena cava and aorta) pass out of the pericardium together

30
Q

name the smooth portions of the right atrium

A

sinus venosus

31
Q

name the trabeculated portion of the right atrium

A

crista terminalis. this separates the 2 siunus venosus portions of the right atrium.

32
Q

How many layers of pericardium are there around the heart?

A

3 layers - 1 fibrous, 2 serous

33
Q

3 functions of the fibrous pericardium

A

1) Tough connective tissue, protects heart
2) Anchors heart to surrounding structures
3) Prevents overfilling of heart

34
Q

What is the myocardium:

A

Middle contractile layer. It is composed if mainly cardiac muscle fibres and connective tissue.

35
Q

Function of the connective tissue of the myocardium.

A

Forms a fibrous skeleton of the heart. Which is reinforced in origin of great vessels and valves.
Electrically silent so limits spread of action potential.

36
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

White sheet of squamous epithelium which ones chambers and covers valves. It is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels.

37
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

38
Q

what type of red blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign material

A

neutrophils

39
Q

what forms the right border of the heart

A

the right atrium

40
Q

what are the cells called that are derived from monocytes and present antigens to the immune system

A

dendritic cells

41
Q

what blood cells are involved in inflammation and allergic response and have a special role in the protection against parasites

A

eisinophils

42
Q

what cells become mast cells on migrating to tissues and so secrete histamine from their histamine-containing granules. They also express surface IgE

A

basophils

43
Q

what stem cell do platelets differentiate from?

A

myeloid stem cells

44
Q

how many amplification pathways are there for platelet activation and what are they?

A
  1. uding ADP and ATP give the purinergic receptors (p2y1, P2y12, p2x1), thrombin and Thromboxane A2
45
Q

what cell is thromboxane A2 made in and from what and using what enzyme?

A

cell= platelet. from= prostaglandin H2. COX1

46
Q

what does COX stand for in terms of platelet activation and aggregation

A

Cyclooxygenase (1 and2)

47
Q

what acid is converted into prostaglandin H2 in both platele and endothelial cells?

A

arachidonic acid

48
Q

what enzyme is affected by a low dose of aspirin?

A

COX1 (cyclooxygenase 1) so resulting in a lack of clotting

49
Q

what factor inhibits coagulation? what enzyme is used to make this? from what? and what is the process called?

A

plasmin. TPO (tissue plasminogen activator). plasminogen. fibrinolytic system.

50
Q

what coagulation factors are synthesised in the liver?

A

10, 9, 7, 2, 8, 5. remember 1972; differences are also 8 and 5.

51
Q

to inhibit coagulation, the endothelial cell produces what from prostaglandin H2?

A

prostacyclin

52
Q

what is fibrin broken down to in the fibrinolytic process?

A

fibrin degradation products (FDP)

53
Q

what do platelets release after changing shape as part of their activation process?

A

alpha granules and dense granules

54
Q

which 3 immunoglobulins are able to cross the placenta and which one isn’t

A

can= IgG, IgA, IgE. Can’t= IgM

55
Q

what does fibrin bind to in the wall of the blood vessel? Give 2

A

collagen and VWF.

56
Q

what is the name on the receptor on the platelet that binds to fibrin

A

aIIbB3

57
Q

what is the purpose of fibrin in coagulation

A

to bind to the aIIbB3 receptor on 2 platelets as it has 2 binding sites and so stabalise the clot

58
Q

where is fibrinogen manufactured?

A

the liver

Med P1 (15 decks)

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