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UK Politics (OB) > The European Union > Flashcards

The European Union Flashcards

1
Q

The European Coal and Steel community

A

1952

France, West Germany, Italy, Belguim, Netherlands and Luxembourg

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2
Q

supranational

A

having authority independent of national governments

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3
Q

The European economic community

A

1958
EEC under treaty of rome
CAP 1962
customs union 1968 common external tariff

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4
Q

single European act

A

1985
single market
more social and regional policy

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5
Q

Maastricht Treaty

A

1991
created EU
increased intergovernmental cooperation

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6
Q

Amsterdam treaty 1997

A

area of freedom, security and justice

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7
Q

economic and monetary union

A

1999

other states adopted the euro

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8
Q

Lisbon treaty

A

2007

reforming EU institutions

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9
Q

aims of the EU

A

article 3 of eu treaty
promote peace
establish single market
monetary union

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10
Q

article 26, Treaty on the functioning of the European Union

A

‘an area without internal frontiers in which free movement of goods, services , persons and capital is ensured’

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11
Q

how many jobs has the single market created (estimate)

A

2.5 million

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12
Q

the single market has helped increase GDP by how much

A

15%

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13
Q

2014 how many citizens from other EU states moved to the UK

A

268,000

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14
Q

2014 how many people emigrated from the UK to other states

A

98,000

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15
Q

what did the single market prompt

A

social,employment and regional policy

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16
Q

what is the reason for cohesion between states

A

reduce disparities

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17
Q

what has EU social and economic policy been critisised for

A

imposing costs to businesses, not doing enough to improve competition

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18
Q

European central bank

A

implements monetary policy for the eurozone, seeking to remain low inflation

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19
Q

opt out

A

exemption set out in law, state does not have to take part in specific EU policy

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20
Q

differentiated integration

A

form of integration states move at different speeds/to different adjectives

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21
Q

benefits of economic monetary union (EMU)

A

no exchange rate uncertainty

no transaction cost on border trade

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22
Q

disadvanatges of EMU

A

loss of sovereignty (lose currency control)

‘one size fits all’ interest rate policy might not suit

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23
Q

2012 fiscal compact treaty

A

stricter rules on budget deficits

helps economic integration

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24
Q

example of a cross border cooperation mechanism

A

European arrest warrant

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25
Q

how has the EU extended workers’ rights

A

limit working hours
improve health and safety
prohibit discrimination

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26
Q

EU charter of fundamental rights

A

2000

entrenches rights

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27
Q

has the EU achieved its aims (YES)

A

Single market 5 mill consumers largest world
protect,extended rights e.g right to work in other state
cemented rule of law in previous authoritarian states

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28
Q

has the EU achieved its aim (NO)

A 
single market over regulated 
weak economic growth
controversial migration policy 
EMU has difficulties 
migration crisis
popular opposition
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29
Q

European commission

A

executive body of EU
political+administrative functions
supranational
acts in general interest of union

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30
Q

where is the European commission based

A

brussels

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31
Q

how is the European commission president chosen

A

nominated by European council

then elected by EP

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32
Q

how are commissioners nominated

A

by national governments approved by EP

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33
Q

roles of the European commission

A 
initiate draft legislation most areas of  activity
ensure legislation is applied 
collects revenue
administers expenditure 
represents eu in trade negotiations
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34
Q

the council of the European union

A

main decision making body

gov ministers from states take key decisions on EU legislation

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35
Q

roles of the council of the European union

A

share legislative power with European parliament
coordinated states economic policy
develops common foreign+security policy

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36
Q

European council

A

Heads of government+foreign ministers meet

Meets 4 times a year

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37
Q

How is the president of the European council selected

A

The states

2.5 yr term

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38
Q

Roles of the European council

A

Discusses major issues
Sets political direction of EU
Key decisions on foreign policy+econ situ
Launches new initiatives, Agee changes to treaties

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39
Q

European Parliament

A

EU’s directly elected institution

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40
Q

When are EU parliament elections

A

Every five years

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41
Q

How many MEPs are there

A

751

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42
Q

How are seats allocated in EP

A

According to their population

43
Q

How are MEPs seats positioned

A

Transnational party groups based on ideology rather than nationality

44
Q

Where is European Parliament located (3)

A

Strasbourg
Brussels
Luxembourg

45
Q

European Parliaments legislative power

A

Shares with council of European Union
Can’t initiate legislation
Can amend+veto

46
Q

European Parliaments budgetary power

A

Shares it with council of European Union

Request amends to budget+veto

47
Q

European Parliaments democratic supervision

A

Elects president of European Commission after nomination by European council
Can question commissioners and council members

48
Q

Court of justice of the European Union

A

Uphold eu law

Ensure it’s applied

49
Q

Where is the court of justice of the European Union located

A

Luxembourg

50
Q

Who’s cases does the European court decide on

A

Member states
Eu institutions
Businesses
Individuals

51
Q

European court of human rights

A

Intergovernmental organisation 1949

Associated with council of Europe

52
Q

What is the Council of the European Union equivalent to in Britain

A

An upper house (Lords)

National governments are represented

53
Q

What is the European Parliament equivalent to in Britain

A 
Lower house (commons)
Member states represented based on population
54
Q

What of branch the EU is the European Commission

A

Executive
Each commissioner has a policy portfolio
Makes proposals to legislative branch
Responsible for implementing law

55
Q

Who makes ‘history making decisions’ (e.g treaty changes)

A

European council

56
Q

Who makes ‘day to day’ decisions

A

European Commission
Council of European Union
European Parliament

57
Q

Democratic deficit

A

Decision making authority goes from national governments to the EU

58
Q

There is a democratic deficit in the European Union (YES)

A

Lgisltion initiates by EC not directly elect
Nation govs outvoted under QMV
EP which is elected has little influence
Low turnout
Citizens don’t indentify wi it

59
Q

There is a democratic deficit in the European Union (NO)

A

EC accountable to EP
Supranational institutions have great autonomy
System of checks+ balances
EU doesn’t have power over tax,education

60
Q

European Union policies

A

Binded in treaties
Treaty of Rome
Lisbon treaty

61
Q

Competence

A

Legal capacity to act in a particular area

62
Q

Multi level governance

A

Sub national, national and supranational institutions have policy competences

63
Q

Political sovereignty

A

Sovereignty in practice

64
Q

Why is the British state less centralised now

A

Power moving upwards to EU

Down to devolved institutions and local gov

65
Q

Legal sovereignty

A

Theoretical exercise of sovereignty

66
Q

What do eurosceptics often argue

A

Legal sovereignty

EU membership=loss of sovereignty as EU law takes precedent+EU has exclusive competences in some areas

67
Q

What do pro Europeans often argue

A

Sovereignty means effective influence

Uk pooled sovereignty when joining this can increase influence

68
Q

Parliamentary sovereignty

A

Leg by Parliament cannot be overturned
Parliament can leg on any subject
No parliament can bind successors

69
Q

What has EU membership challenged

A

Parliamentary sovereignty

European communities Act (ECA) 1972 EU law is primary

70
Q

1990 Factortame case is an example of what

A

How laws by parliament can be overturned
Merchant shipping Act 1988 overturned by parliament didn’t comply with EU law
(However parliament could repeal from ECA)

71
Q

How has Parliamentary sovereignty been challenged by referendums

A

Shifts to popular sovereignty

72
Q

European Union Act 2011

A

Any further treaty transferring power from the UK to the EU must be put to binding referendum
^wont be used due to Brexit

73
Q

Will departure from the EU restore British sovereignty (YES)

A

Parliament will be highest authority
Policy competence lie with parliament
Voters hold gov to account more

74
Q

Will departure from RU restore British sovereignty (NO)

A

Globalisation (can’t be independent)
Pooled sovereignty gave more influence
Post Brexit deal might mean don’t receive all sovereignty

75
Q

Common agricultural policy CAP

A

Agricultural subsidies+price interventions

EU buys products if farmers can’t sell-guaranteed income

76
Q

How much of EU expenditure does CAP cover

A

38%

Used to be 70%

77
Q

EUs Common Fisheries policy (CFP)

A

Sets quotas on amount and types of fish caught

Sets minimum price

78
Q

Unanimity

A

Proposal will fail if at least one member state vetoes it

79
Q

Qualified majority voting

A

Achieved 55% states vote in favour

+supported by states representing at least 65% of EU population

80
Q

Examples of UK exemptions from European Union

A

EMU
‘Social chapter’ Maastricht treaty
2012 fiscal compact treaty

81
Q

What does it mean that the UK is a net contributor to the EU

A

They pay in more than they receive back

82
Q

In 2015 how much did the UK pay into the EU

A

£18 billion
(Rebate of £5 billion)
Got back 4.4 bill public sec income

83
Q

In 2015 what was the UKs net contribution to the EU

A

8.5 billion=1.5% of public spending

Comparison… uk spent £130 billion on health

84
Q

Who receives £1 billion per year from the money back from the EU

A

Poorer regions… cornwall
Private sector research funding
Gov make up these shortfalls after Brexit

85
Q

How much of the EU budget is spent on agric and fisheries and social ad regional policy

A

€62.48 million

€50.83 million

86
Q

European social policy

A

Focused on corrected market failures and promoting employment

87
Q

Which government opted out of the Maastricht treaties social chapter

A

John Major
Ended in 1997 when lab took over
Blair gov still opposed

88
Q

In regards to social policy of the EU, what is the uk exempt from

A

Max 48 hour working week (brits can work more)
rest breaks
Paid holidays

89
Q

How many fake accounts did Facebook remove in the first water of 2019

A

2.2 billion

90
Q

How much of internet traffic comes from bots

A

Over half

91
Q

Who is the uks main export market

A

EU
45% of exports in 2014
3.5 million jobs linked to trade in Europe

92
Q

EU regulation cost

A

£33 billion

93
Q

Where does the uks economy rank in the world

A

5th

94
Q

Brexit result

A

51.9%
48.1%
Turnout 72% highest since 1992 election

95
Q

EU referendum

A

23 June 2016

96
Q

What advantages did the remain campaign have

A 
Backed by gov
Endorsed by senior figures from business (CBI)
BofE
Security services 
Obama
97
Q

Why was the remain campaign not effective

A

Too negative
Didn’t highlight positives of EU
Focused a lot on economics

98
Q

How many conservative MPs campaigned to leave

A

140

99
Q

Why did boris Johnson help the leave campaign

A

Seen as part of ‘establishment’
Charismatic
Known by the people

100
Q

Leaves message

A

Take back control

101
Q

Where was turnout higher in EU referendum

A

Areas that voted to leave

102
Q

What did Scotland and Northern Ireland vote

A

To remain

103
Q

England (except london) and wales voted what

A

To leave

UK Politics (OB) (8 decks)

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