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UK Politics (OB) > elections and referendums > Flashcards

elections and referendums Flashcards

1
Q

what are the features of FPTP

A 
two party systems 
winners bonus
bias to majority party 
discrimination against third and smaller parties 
single party government
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2
Q

two party systems

A

favours major parties that have strong nationwide support

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3
Q

what happening to two and half party system

A

failing in health
social democratic party was formed by a disaffected labour mp in 1981
25% of vote but only 23 seats

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4
Q

winners bonus

A

exaggerate performance of mot popular party

strong government as it means winner party gets a majority in parliament

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5
Q

bias to one major party

A 
system favoured labour from 1990s to 2010 
reasons for bias;
tactical voting 
different constituency size 
differential turnout
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6
Q

votes per seat at 2015 general election

A 
conservative; 34,243 
labour; 40,290 
lib dems; 301,986 
UKIP; 3,881,129
SNP; 25,972
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7
Q

how does FPTP discriminate against smaller parties

A

need support to be broad and concentrated

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8
Q

mechanics

A

makes it more difficult for smaller parties to win seats

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9
Q

psychology

A

smaller parties have a credibility problem because voters believe that a vote for them is ‘wasted’

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10
Q

single party government

A

produces single party majority governments with working parliamentary majorities

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11
Q

does FPTP always produce single party governments

A

four of the seven general elections held between 1910 and 1929 did not produce a majority government

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12
Q

advanatges of FPTP

A

strong government easier to hold it accountable
easy to understand for the electorate, familiar
winner bonus creates strong government
extremist parties cant get into power
electorate view it as legitimate
produces clear winner

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13
Q

doctrine of mandate

A

obliges winning party to put proposals into affect

FPTP gives them a stronger mandate

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14
Q

disadvantages of FPTP

A

discriminates against third parties
win on simple plurality, dont need majority, less legit
wasted votes
disproportional
more safe seats
not proper choice because of two party
safe+ marginal seats hides signifcant levels of support

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15
Q

for FPTP (what is effective representation)

A

single member constituencies clear link between voters and elected representatives

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16
Q

example of how disproportional outcome

A

tend to win more seats than vote merit
majority governments have only one 35% of vote
since 1945 2nd parties

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17
Q

UKIP seat to vote share ratio

A

1 seat but 12.6% of vote

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18
Q

who benefited from tactical voting

A

labour, from anti-conservative tactical voting between 1997 and 2005

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19
Q

constituency size impact in 2015

A

electorate in constituencies won by labour were on average 3,850 lower than those won by conservative
mostly because of population movement from urban to rural

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20
Q

differential turnout

A

lower in labour held seats
62% in 2015, compared to 69% in seats won by cons
labour need to win fewer votes to win seats between 1997 and 2010

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21
Q

divisive politics

A

small shifts in voting produced frequent changes of government- led to instability because parties could overturn policies introduced by their rvials

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22
Q

FPTP is no longer fit for purpose

A

less effective in persuading electors not to vote for small parties= lib dems 23% 2010
other parties winning seats in commons 2015 SNP 56 seats

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23
Q

Winston Churchill on FPTP

A

not secure majority representation, nor do they secure an intelligent representation of minorities 1909

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24
Q

british election turnout figures using other systems

A

has never got 55%

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25
Q

why did UKIP not win more seats in 2015

A

their support wasnt concentrated

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26
Q

UKIP compared to SNP in 2015

A

UKIP won more than twice as many votes than SNP but recieved 55 fewer seats
took 26,000 votes to elect one SNP MP
took 4 million votes to elect a UKIP MP

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27
Q

example of how FPTP creates illegitimate MPs

A

albert owen (labour) re-elected in Ynys Mon with only 31% of vote

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28
Q

which elections use FPTP

A

general elections to commons

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29
Q

which elections to supplementary

A

mayoral election

police and crime commissioners

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30
Q

which elections use regional list

A

european parliament

lists seats for devolved parliament

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31
Q

which elections use single transferable vote

A

assembly, local and european parliament

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32
Q

which elections use additional member system

A

scottish parliament
welsh assembly
london assembly

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33
Q

majoritarian system

A

absolute majority 50% +1

FPTP is NOT majoritarian

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34
Q

plurality system

A

winner needs only one more vote than closest rival

FPTP IS a single member plurality

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35
Q

proportional representation

A

cover many systems which produce close fit between votes and seats

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36
Q

mixed system

A

some representatives elected in a single member constituency using FPTP. remainder by proportional representation

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37
Q

safest seat in country

A

Liverpool, Walton Labour won by 86% in 2017

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38
Q

most marginal seat in 2017

A

North East fife SNP won by 2 votes

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39
Q

what are super marginals

A

majorities of fewer than 100 votes

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40
Q

propsect 2015

vernon bogdanor

A

“no government since 2001 has gained support of over 40% of voters”
“1950s over 90% of us voted conservative or labour”
“unfreezing of class structure”

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41
Q

functions of elections

A

representation
choosing a government
influence over policy
citizen education

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42
Q

elections to devolved assemblies

A

every 5 years

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43
Q

local elections

A

4 year terms

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44
Q

by election

A

resigns or dies

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45
Q

european parliament elections

A

every 5 years

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46
Q

why has there been so much electoral reform since 1997

A

vocal campaigning against FPTP

labour manifesto included constitiutional and electoral reform

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47
Q

how do more proportional outcomes impact third parties

A

they get more success

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48
Q

what are coalition governments

A

no single party wins a majority of seats, multiples partis form government

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49
Q

what are minority governments

A

forms government despite not winning a majority of seats

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50
Q

why do supporters of FPTP prefer majority government

A

strengthens their mandate

get votes in parliament to pass bills

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51
Q

what is split ticket voting

A

voting for candidates from political parties when multiple offices are being decided by a single elections

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52
Q

why has electoral reform slowed down in recent years

A

once labour started to win majority with FPTP they started to move away from the idea

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53
Q

additional member system

A

elements of FPTP and the regional list

used to elect the scottish parliament, welsh and london assembly

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54
Q

how are seats elected using AMS

A

proportional seats in legislative assembly are elected using FPTP in single member constituencies (73 out of 129 members)
additional members are elected using regional list

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55
Q

how does electorate cast votes using AMS

A

two votes- one for favourite candidate + one for favourite party

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56
Q

how are regional list seats allocated in AMS

A

using the d’Hondt formula+ on a corrective basis to ensure no. of seats in the assembly is proportional to number of votes

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57
Q

advantages of AMS

A

combines best features of FPTP and proportional reprensentation
less wasted votes
more proportional
greater choice (split ticket voting)
voting easy to count+electorate understand how outcome is reached

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58
Q

disadvantages of AMS

A

2 categories of representatives- one with constituency duties + one without, could create tension
parties have significant control over closed lists used to elect additional memebers-voters cant choose between candidate from same party

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59
Q

supplementary voting

A

used to elect mayor of london
voter records 1st and 2nd preferences
if no candidate wins a majority of first preferences all but two candidates are elminated+ 2nd preference votes are for the remaining two candidates

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60
Q

advantages of supplementary voting

A

winner achieve broad support= legitimacy

supporters of smaller parties can use first vote to show allegiance to it and second to bigger party they prefer

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61
Q

disadvantages of supplementary voting

A

winning candidate elected without winning majority of votes if second preferences votes arent used effectively
winning candidate doesnt need majority of first preference votes
wouldnt deliver proportion in general election

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62
Q

what is single transferable vote

A

representatives are elected in larger multi member constituencies, 18 constituencies each elect six members
voting is preferential+ ordinal (can choose as many as they want)
candidate must achieve droop quota, excess votes are redistributed on basis of second preference

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63
Q

what is droop quota

A

(total valid poll/seats available +1) +1

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64
Q

advantages of single transferable vote

A

proportional outcomes+votes

greater choice range of candidates with multiple ones from the same party

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65
Q

disadvantages of single transferable vote

A

less accurate in translating votes into seats than proportional representation
multi member constituency weaken mp constituency link
likely to produce coalition
counting process lengthy and complex

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66
Q

impact of FPTP on the type of government

A

becoming less likely to produce majority government of the last 3 elections only 2015 produced a majority

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67
Q

impact of election system on representation

A

elections to devolved assemblies reflect increasing multi party politics
2015 general election was one of most disproportionate in the post war period

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68
Q

impact of election systems on voter choice

A

greater choice under AMS,SV,STV- split ticket
more sophisticated voting behavior
evidence from other countries= turnout in GE conducted under PR higher than where FPTP is used

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69
Q

what is a referendum

A

popular vote on a single issue

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70
Q

when was the 1st referendum

A

197 nationwide EEC

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71
Q

only been 3 referendums

A

AV vote 2011
EEC 1975
EU 2016

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72
Q

local referendums

A

congestion charges

manchester 2008 3/4 voters rejected

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73
Q

national referendums

A 
constitutional change (devolution)
coalition agreement (2011 AV)
party management (resolve divisions)
political pressure (scottish independence)
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74
Q

referendum regulations

A

wording
campaign participation
campaign spending
conduct of the campaign

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75
Q

wording of referendum regulations

A

commission propose questions to the government but they don’t have to accept (usually do)

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76
Q

campaign participation (referendum regulations)

A

spend £10,000+ on campaigning must register as participants with electoral commission
bigger parties have higher spending limit, public money and tv broadcast entitlement

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77
Q

conduct of campaign (referendum regulations)

A

issues report on administration and spending

questioned rules on spending by UK government in 2016 EU referendum

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78
Q

why can referendums be argued to provide a stronger mandate for important reforms than elections

A

single issue which create clear and stronger mandate

in elections people voting on manifesto- less likely to agree on every policy

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79
Q

what was the good friday agreement

A

peace agreement between british and irish government and most political parties in northern ireland
about future of governance of Northern Ireland
establsihed northern ireland assembly
nationalists and unionists share power in government

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80
Q

how did a referendum help the good friday agreement

A

71% in favour 81% turnout helped shield deal from extremists

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81
Q

how did referendums help the Labour government in the 1970s

A

67.23% voted to stay in the EEC, it meant divisions in the party could be smoothed over

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82
Q

what are entrenched laws

A

more difficult process for ammendment or repeal than normal laws
changes to US constitution need 2/3 super majority

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83
Q

why can referendums be said to entrench UK constitutional reforms, even though parliament is sovereign?

A

public pressure and threat of next election makes it more difficult for parliament and the government to ignore

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84
Q

what impact can referendums have on political participation

A

can encourage political participation between elections and can educate voters on key political issues exposing them to various arguments
encourages future participation

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85
Q

what is the electoral commission

A

formed by political parties commission act (2000)

86
Q

what influence does electoral commission have on UK referendum

A

designates an official ‘lead campaign’ group for each side of the argument
£600,000 to each side
any donations over 7.5K must be disclosed to commission

87
Q

Why do turnout levels undermine the results of many referendums

A

Turnout usually low meaning legitimacy is questioned

88
Q

What is voter fatigue

A

Lack of interest is upcoming elections and referendums

89
Q

Why are yes/no referendums often more complicated than they appear

A

Few political issues can be decided by yes/no
Many grey areas are overlooked
E.g Scottish referendum would they remain in EU?

90
Q

How can the government influence the outcome of referendums

A

Timing
Not have one altogether
The question asked
Shape debates

91
Q

Why do some critics argue that referendums can become opinion polls for some voters

A

Focus on governments performance rather than actual issue

92
Q

Why can it be argued that political issues should be left to elected representatives?

A

Citizens votes on self interest whereas representatives are more likely to vote on national interest

93
Q

Why is the cost and campaigning of referendums an issue

A 
Usually very expensive 
AV 2011 vote= £75million 
EU 2016= £129.1 million 
Two sides might be unequally resourced 
Leave campaign BeLeave spent £675,000 which should’ve been declared
94
Q

Impact of referendums on uk political areas

A

Direct democracy
Parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy
Constitutional convention

95
Q

How have referendums impacted direct democracy

A

Enhanced democracy-government more responsive to people (but results can be ignored)
Created competing legitimacies (referendum result could be different from representative opinion)

96
Q

Example of competing legitimacies amongst referendum results and referendums

A

(Need to get stats)

97
Q

Have referendums enhanced representative democracy in the uk (YES)

A

Direct democracy (citizens have final say)
Check power of government-more responsive to the people
Enhanced political participation
Educated people on key issues
Legitimised constitutional changes

98
Q

Turnout for Scottish referendum

A

84.6%

99
Q

Referendums have enhanced representative democracy in the uk (NO)

A

Undermined representative democracy (they have the political knowledge)
Undermined parliamentary sovereignty
Government take advantage of authority-choose when its held to strengthen their decision
Turnout often poor
Refendum campaigns ill informed

100
Q

Turnout of eu referendum

A

71.9%

101
Q

% of electorate who actually voted to leave

A

37.4%

Electorate size 46,500,001
(People who voted leave 17,410,742)

102
Q

Lies during referendum campaign

A

Leaving will give NHS extra £350m a week
(actually closer to £250m might not even go to NHS)
Poll by Ipsos MORI found 1/2 British public believe the claim
2/3 British jobs in manufacturing are dependent on demand from europe (actually closer to 15%)

103
Q

How have referendums impacts parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy

A

Parliamentary sovereignty=constitutional corner stone
MPs=make their own minds up
Referendums=shift toward popular sovereignty
Their not legally binding
Competing claims of legitimacy
Debate on how government should invoke article 50 of the Lisbon treaty

104
Q

How have referendums impacted constitutional convention

A

Since 1997 devolution referendums has become convention to have a referendum for further change

105
Q

Government Of Wales Act 2006

A

Permitted welsh assembly to gain new powers if they were approved in a referendum- happened in 2011

106
Q

Scotland Act 2016

A

States Scottish parliament and government can’t be abolished unless approved in a referendum Scotland

107
Q

3 reasons for holding referendums

A

Enables direct democracy
Enhances political participation
Legitimise conditional changes

108
Q

Voting trend in Scotland

A

Traditionally labour

2015 SNP dominance

109
Q

Voting trend in Wales

A

Heavy labour bias strong levels of support for conservative

110
Q

Why has Wales got this voting tends

A

Industrial areas favour labour
Rural areas vote con
Far west more nationalist

111
Q

Northern Ireland voting trends

A

Own two part system split between unionist and nationalist parties

112
Q

Why does Northern Ireland have this voting trend

A

Reflects religious and cultural divisions in the region

113
Q

London voting trend

A

Majority labour

114
Q

Why does London vote this way

A

Increase ethnic diversity
Greater economic disparity
More socially liberal than other regions

115
Q

Rural England voting trend

A

Overwhelmingly conservative

116
Q

Why does rural England vote this way

A

Mostly white
Economically conservative
Socially conservative

117
Q

Industrial north of England voting trend

A

Mostly labour

118
Q

Why does industrial north of England vote this way

A

Higher levels of unemployment
Greater rates of poverty
Greater ethnic diversity

119
Q

Factors affecting voting

A

Class
Gender
Age
Ethnicity

120
Q

Class dealignment

A

People no longer vote according to class

121
Q

Core voter

A

Any group of voters who will loyally vote for a party

122
Q

Floating (swing voters)

A

Not loyal to a party open to persuasion

123
Q

Partisan dealignment

A

The idea that people are less committed or loyal to one particular party

124
Q

Until 1980s how did class affect voting

A 
Classes A,B+C1 middle class con voters 
C2,D,E working class lab voters
125
Q

What used to be the two main concerns for voters

A 
Employment and inflation- meant two main parties centred their class based choices around this 
88% of all voters voted for two main parties 1970
126
Q

What has partisan dealignment led to?

A

An increase in swing voters

127
Q

What has a weakening class system resulted in

A

More diverse political struggles between parties

128
Q

Which factor, rather than class, seemed to be the determining factor on how someone voted

A

Their education

129
Q

How does gender influence voting behaviour

A

Women tended to vote cons whilst men labour bc women less likely to be members of trade unions

130
Q

How does ethnicity influence voting behaviour

A

1997 had strong support for non white
Due to labour history of supporting rights of ethnic minorities
Race relation act 1965
Recent elections cons criticising immigration

131
Q

How does age influence voting behaviour

A

2005 GE labour got stronger support for younger voters in 2010
Voters are older generally more protective about property so vote cons

132
Q

How has region influenced voting behaviour

A 
Traditionally south cons+ north lab 
Historically north have class industries
133
Q

What are primary factors (voting behaviours)

A

Age, class, ethnicity

134
Q

What are recency factors (voting behaviour)

A

Short term factors e.g party policy

135
Q

What is the social structures/sociological model of voting behaviour

A 
Emphasis importance of social groups+ characteristics 
E,g working class may want higher taxes on public services they depend on
136
Q

What is the party identification model

A

Voters psychologically attached to a particular party, identifying with them and supporting them in spite of short term factors

137
Q

Social class

A

Social group whose members share economic , social and cultural characteristics

138
Q

Voting by class in 2017 general election

A

AB+C1 44% cons and 40% labour
C2+DE 44% cons and 42% labour
Shows class wasn’t major dividing line

139
Q

2017 vote by education

A

55% those of GCSEs or below voted cons

49% with degree or above voting labour

140
Q

2015 gender voting

A

Conservatives;
Male=38%
Women=37%

Labour;
Male=30%
Women=33%

^gender was not crucial

141
Q

Most issues their is no difference in opinions except….

A

Foreign intervention
Nuclear war
Nuclear weapons
^men prioritise these whereas women prioritise health and education

142
Q

What can explain the conservative victory with male voters in 2017

A

Division between Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa mays view on nuclear power and weapons
Male voters 45% share

143
Q

Why are left parties at a disadvantage

A

Younger people less likely to vote+ageing population

144
Q

Does the class system still matter in uk politics (YES)

A

Issues of tax and benefits remain key distinction between two main parties
Geographic voting trends still reflect relative wealth
Class inequality major concern

145
Q

Does the class system still matter in uk politics (NO)

A 
Issues such as immigration cross class division 
Size+role of working class has declined more than half 
Increasing property ownership
146
Q

What age are most people likely to switch from labour to conservative

A

47

147
Q

Which way do ethnic minorities lean

A

Left

148
Q

What was 1968 Enoch Powell’s speech ‘river of blood’ speech?

A

Speech by con MP criticising labours government immigration and anti discrimination legislation

149
Q

Norman Tebbit’s ‘cricket test’ 1990

A

Norman criticised south Asian and Caribbean immigrants for their lack of loyalty to English cricket team

150
Q

When did mass migration begin in the UK

A

1950s new wave of workers
Often found in industrial areas labouring
New citizens benefited from social policies from labour

151
Q

During the 1960s and 1970s what did the conservative do to win elections

A

‘White fright’

Fears about changing nature of British society to win election

152
Q

What is the social capital theory about decline in turnout

A

People are more incline to feel like less of society

153
Q

Why is the social capital theory not convincing

A

Growth in rights culture and media engagement

154
Q

Why does declining standards of education decrease turnout

A

People less aware of their civic responsibilities

155
Q

Why does FPTP systems affect turnout

A

Alienates electorate as it’s not proportional

156
Q

Why is the theory that FPTP decreases turnout not convincing

A

AV system was rejected in 2011 referendum

157
Q

Partisan dealignment theory ( voter turnout)

A

Turnout is declining because people are less motivated to vote
(Not always true, even tho party loyalty has declined, still engagement in pressure groups +campaigns)

158
Q

Ethnic minority responsible for voter turnout declining

A

Ethnic minorities are less likely to vote

159
Q

Decline in turnout thatcher theory

A 
Since 1990(Thatcher) cons+lab reached consensus on several issues 
Less real choice between two main parties
160
Q

Why is the Thatcher decline in voting theory not convincing

A

Lab shifted left under brown miliband and Corbyn

Clearer distinction

161
Q

Media theory has caused voter turnout decline

A

Sleaze+negative culture spread by media have turned people away from politics
(Sleaze has always existed in politics e.g Profumo scandal 1960s turnout still 71.4% in 1997)

162
Q

Real reason for voter turnout decline

A

Unappetising/lack of choice

163
Q

Why was turnout so low in 2001

A

Tony Blair still popular
Cons very divided over Europe
59% turnout

164
Q

Why did turnout jump 4% in 2010

A

More competitive but still unpopular choice

Brown or divided Conservative party

165
Q

Why was turnout so low in 2015 and 2017

A

Unpopular party leaders

Mays style and Corbyn ideology

166
Q

Politicians are to blame for declining turnout (YES)

A

Failed to inspire public
Scandals+corruption turned people away
Negative campaigning

167
Q

Politicians are to blame for declining turnout (NO)

A

Public need to make voices heard if they are not happy
Media are responsible undermining respect for politicians
Low turnout reflects social+generational changes

168
Q

3 theories explaining voting choice

A

Rational choice
Issue voting
Economic or valence issues

169
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Logical judgement based on what is in their own interest

Assumption is voters will do a cost/benefit analysis of all options+will vote accordingly

170
Q

Issue voting

A

Place one issue above all others

Can mean voting for a candidate whose other policies would be to their detriment

171
Q

Economic or valence issue voting

A

Voters share a common preference

Place vote based on who they believe is best placed to deliver what they want

172
Q

Governing competency

A

Perceived ability of the government or opposition, to manage the affairs of the country
Politicians punished at polls if economy fails

173
Q

Factors affecting individual voting

A 
Policies 
Key issues 
Performance in office 
Leadership 
Image 
Tactical voting
174
Q

Policies

A

Voters consider policies in manifestos

See which policies suit them best

175
Q

Performance in office

A

Voters simplify election into a referendum in the current government
If economy does badly government is punished

176
Q

Leadership

A

Voters often take the view they are selecting PM rather than voting for party

177
Q

Image

A

Voters make choice based on perception of party image

178
Q

Spatial leadership

A

Prime minister relies on his or her own inner circle adivisors, rather than cabinet

179
Q

Role of a party leader

A

Inspire party activists
Appear prime ministerial
Have positive media presence
Appear strong in leading the party

180
Q

Are party leaders the main reasons for a party’s electoral fortunes
(YES)

A

Strong leader inspire confidence from floating voters
Strong performance motivate core voters
Strong leader maintains party discipline

181
Q

Are party leaders the main reason for a party’s electoral fortunes
(NO)

A

People vote for local mp not PM
Other major event affect opinions (Iraq war,financial crisis)
Core supporter loyal despite leadership

182
Q

What representation issues are raised by the House of Lords

A

Peers are unelected and unaccountable
House of Lords reform Bill 2012 propose gradual transition
Plan abandoned after backbenchers rebelled

183
Q

What is the delegate theory of representation

A

Act on instructions of constituents, not be influenced by their own people
Constituents instruct MP
Not all constituents thing alike+less politically active don’t get their view

184
Q

What is the trustee theory of representation

A

Edmund Burke

Experienced educated+informed MPs should consider constituents views but exercise their own judgment

185
Q

What is the party/mandate model of representation

A

MPs owe their position to their party rather than their personal popularity
Vote in line with party manifesto

186
Q

Why has the use of referendums complicated the question of how MPs should represent their constituents

A

52 labour MPs voted again EU bill at 3rd reading defied 3 line whip
Claimed they were acting as delegate
1/3 MPs represented constituency in which majority voted to remain

187
Q

What are free/conscience votes

A

MPs and peers aren’t put under pressure to vote a certain way

188
Q

What is meant by ‘constituency representation’

A

MPs are responsible in addressing and advancing the interest of constituents

189
Q

What are ‘surgeries’

A

Constituents go and meet them and explain grievances

190
Q

Why do MPs seek redress if grievances

A

To set something right/if their had been unfair treatment

191
Q

What concerns have been raised about the impact of constituency work on parliamentary functions

A

MPs spend more time on constituent work (59%)

Difficult to effectively carry out functions of parliament such as scrutinising bills

192
Q

What is functional representation

A

Representatives advocate not for territory but for different sections of society (classes)
Constituency representation looks at territory

193
Q

What are all party parliamentary groups?

A

Informal groups, no official status in parliament

Brings members from different parties to discuss+promote matters of common interest

194
Q

What is descriptive representation

A

Extent to which representatives share the same balance of gender, ethnicity, occupation etc.. as the electorate
Important for parliaments legitimacy

195
Q

What ways did the 2017 general election make the House of Commons more descriptively representative w

A

208 women elected
52 non white up from 41
5 disabled MPs
Women make up 32% from 3%

196
Q

What criticism are still made about diversity of MPs

A

Only 8% commons in non white opposed to 14% of population

32% women isn’t representative

197
Q

Is the HoL more or less descriptively representative

A

Less

Only 6.4% of peers in lords were non white

198
Q

What is the dominant ideology model

A

Voters influenced by ideology of powerful elites, through their role of media+business they are in a position to project their ideas

199
Q

How are the rules for broadcasting and print media different?

A

Broadcasting=fact driven+impartial

Print media= no legal obligation to remain impartial

200
Q

What are the concerns of newspaper ownership in the uk

A

Owned by handful of millionaires who are more likely to be right wing

201
Q

What is cognitive dissonance

A

Mental stress felt when confronted with information which conflicts with our existing beliefs

202
Q

Selective exposure

A

Avoiding political coverage which will conflict with our beliefs

203
Q

Selective perception

A

Interpreting facts in a way that doesn’t contrast with our beliefs

204
Q

Direct effect theory of media influence

A

Media’s directly influence how we think/vote

205
Q

Agenda setting theory of media influence

A

Doesn’t change how we think, influences what we think about

206
Q

Framing theory of media influence

A

Media subtly frame issues to influence how we think about them

207
Q

Reinforcement theory of media influence

A

Choose media that agrees with our views

208
Q

% population which are over 65

A

60%

209
Q

By 2030 how much of the population will be over 60

A

4/10

210
Q

What is churn

A

Even if a few seats change hands, party voters remain stable

211
Q

Spatial model of voting

A

Stresses importance of positional voters

Parties will win if policies match average voters position

212
Q

Salient issues

A

Issues considered to be most important in election e.g economy

UK Politics (OB) (8 decks)

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