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UK Politics (OB) > political parties > Flashcards

political parties Flashcards

1
Q

Political party

A

Group of like minded individuals who field candidates at election

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2
Q

Salisbury doctrine

A

Convention that House of Lords does not block or try to wreck legislation that was promised in manifesto of governing party

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3
Q

Example of electoral mandate in practice (Salisbury doctrine)

A

1997 general election manifesto
Labour promise removal hereditary peers
HoL Act 1999

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4
Q

Roles of political parties

A 
Representation 
Political engagement and participation 
Political recruitment 
Policy formulation 
Stable government
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5
Q

Representation (role of political parties)

A

Traditionally parties represent views of members, de-alignment undermined thus

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6
Q

Political engagement and participation (role of political party)

A

Party educate to encourage involvement

Quality of participation depends on how internally Democratic Party is

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7
Q

Political recruitment (role of political parties)

A

Draw suitable candidates

Opportunity to serve a form of political apprenticeship

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8
Q

Policy formulation (political parties)

A

Discuss, develop policy proposals

result in more considered+joined style of gov

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9
Q

Stable government (role of political party)

A

Parties present voters with clear choice+provide order

Gov secures a safe passage for legislation

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10
Q

Print media sources

A

Broadsheets

Tabloids magazines

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11
Q

Online media

A

Opinion polls
Blogs
Twitter
Campaigning

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12
Q

Radio media

A

News headlines

Commercial radio

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13
Q

Tv media

A

News broadcasts
Party political broadcasts
News channels
Political programming

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14
Q

Opinion polls

A

Increased since 1970s
Test policies,leadership and campaign
Affect how people vote

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15
Q

Changing role of media

A 
Now overly partisan, mock+ridicule 
Politicians become ‘celebrities’ 
Become entertainment 
Pressure 24 hour news 
Uninformed debates social media
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16
Q

1979 ‘crisis, what crisis?’ Sun headline

How did this influence election result

A

YES; suggest Callaghan out of touch with voters

NO; opinion polls= he was ahead of thatcher whole campaign, labs strongest asset

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17
Q

1997; sun switches to supporting cons to labour

Influenced election result

A

YES; many voters switched allegiance

NO; press was reacting to mood of the time, reflected in polls

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18
Q

2010 ‘I agree with nick’ brown + Cameron during tv debate

Influenced election result

A

YES; raised Nick Clegg performance raised profile, hung parliament
NO; Lib Dem vote share only increase by 1%, lost seats

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19
Q

2010; expenses scandal

Influenced election result

A

YES; Undermine reputation of MPs
Many lost seats
NO; turnout 4% higher than in 2005
Lab set to lose anyway

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20
Q

2017 televised debate

Influence election result

A

YES;May didn’t participate, weak- Corbyn credibility increased
NO; may won more votes than Cameron, Corbyn lost

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21
Q

Role of media between elections

A 
War reporting 
Sleaze 
Bliar
Expenses 
EU 
Satire
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22
Q

War reporting (role of media)

A

Patriotic reporting toward Falklands war
Thatcher ‘iron lady’
Swing public opinion toward her

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23
Q

Sleaze (role of media)

A

1992 sex scandals con party
Named ‘nasty party’ + sleaze
Helped swing to Tony Blair

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24
Q

Expenses (role of media)

A

2009 daily telegraph
Wrongful claims
£1,645 duck house
Distrust in politicians

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25
Q

EU (role of media)

A

Anti eu reports issue more prominent
UKIP
Referendum pressure from media

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26
Q

Mainstream parties

A

Three
Cons from Tory group
Lab from trade unions+ socialist organisation
Lib Dem’s= liberal and SDP

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27
Q

Minority parties

A

Nationalist parties

SNP and mebyon kernow (cornwall)

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28
Q

Single issue parties

A

Green Party

UKIP

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29
Q

Impact of third parties

A 
Protest votes (not enough people do it) 
Major parties re-evaluate policy 
Green Party raised environmental concerns- mainstream
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30
Q

Dominant party system

A

One party dominant for long period e.g Japan Liberal Democratic Party 1955 and 1993
Cons 79-97

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31
Q

Multi party system

A

Many parties compete for power, government consists of coalitions
E.g Italy 1945-1933

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32
Q

Single party

A

One party dominates, bans other parties
Nazi germany
DPRK

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33
Q

Two party system

A

Two fairly equally matched parties compete for power

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34
Q

2015 general election, what % of voters didn’t vote for the 2 main parties

A

13.5%

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35
Q

Conservative party

A

1830s
Monetarism
67 years in office

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36
Q

Monetarism

A

Controlling money supply as means of keeping inflation in check

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37
Q

Adversal politics

A

Disagreeing with opposition

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38
Q

What was David Cameron referred to

A

Heir to Blair

More centrist policies

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39
Q

Advantage of primaries

A 
Party more attractive so gain members 
Political involvement
Increase participation 
Legitimacy 
Diverse candidates
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40
Q

Disadvantages of primaries

A

People not voting with best intention
Labours £3 to join voting Corbyn
Members might not want it

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41
Q

Advantages for all women shortlist’s

A

Increase in women in parliament
Encourages diversity
Female issues higher on agenda

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42
Q

Disadvantages of all women shortlist’s

A

No merit
Sexist
More suitable make for the job
Need to solve root cause (childcare,confidence,cash+culture)

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43
Q

Conservative policy under Theresa May

A

End authority
Raise personal tax allowance
Means test winter fuel allowance
Pledge remove triple lock pensions

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44
Q

Roughly, what % of votes did unions still control in 1990

A

80%

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45
Q

Why was the Labour Party formed

A

Represent working class when franchise hadn’t been extended

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46
Q

1918 constitution

A

Clause IV showed labour party’s commitment to public ownership

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47
Q

One nation conservatism

A 
Pragmatism 
Gradual improvement 
Paternalistic 
Mixed economy-significant state intervention if needed 
Support for welfare state
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48
Q

One nation Tory individuals

A

Kenneth Clarke

Nicholas Soames

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49
Q

Thatcherite individuals

A

John Redwood

Liam Fox

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50
Q

Post Thatcherite individuals

A 
Boris Johnson (liberal conservative) 
Philip Blond (red Tory)
51
Q

Labour factions (James Callaghan)

A

James Callaghan+ other’s right of party public sector pay demands had to be resisted

52
Q

Labour factions (left)

A

Tony Benn+Michael Foot greater wealth distribution

53
Q

Labour under Jeremy Corbyn

A

Ideological position and rebellious back bench rep make harder to secure party loyalty

54
Q

Few labour factions

A

Momentum
Socialist workers party
Saving labour

55
Q

Liberal Democrat’s

A

1998

Main party in gov early 20th century distant 3rd by 1960

56
Q

Lib Dem’s under Nick Clegg

A

Protection of civil liberties

Constitutional reform

57
Q

Orange book liberals

A

Draw on classical liberalism endorse by lower taxes

58
Q

Social liberals

A

New progressive liberalism of Keynes

59
Q

1990s conservative policy was mainly determined by who

A

party leader

60
Q

what is john major say in 1922 (party policy)

A

‘it was all me’

61
Q

who wrote the 2010 conservative manifesto

A

mainly cameron, Oliver letwin and steve hilton

62
Q

labour party conference

A

genuine policy making events

97’ onwards had 2 year policy making cycle

63
Q

national policy forum

A

appointed policy commissions to make proposals formalised in national executive committee

64
Q

politcal party funding

A

membership subscription
public funding
donations

65
Q

labour’s funding

A

until 1990s lots of funding from trade unions

66
Q

conservative’s funding

A

mainly from wealthy business interests

67
Q

donations for labour

A

Bernie Ecclestone

Lord Sainsbury

68
Q

donations for con

A

Paul Ghetty

Stuart Wheeler

69
Q

controversy over political funding

A

Bernie Ecclestone £1 mill lab 1997, delay on tobacco advertising ban formula 1

70
Q

political parties, elections and referendums act 2000

A

£30,000 per constituency limit
spending limits for elections to devolved bodies
declare donations £5,000 to electoral commission

71
Q

political parties and elections act 2009

A

tighter spending regulations on run-up
electoral commission can impose fines+investigate
restrict donations from non uk residents
reduce threshold for donation decleration

72
Q

what did the 2007 phillips report, strengthening democracy; fair and sustainable funding for political parties suggest

A

pence per voter

pence per member

73
Q

policy development grants

A

annual share of a £2 million pots to any party that has two or more MPs taking oath of allegiance
get subsidies, postage costs

74
Q

cranborne money

A

funds paid to opposition parties in house of lords help cover adminstrative costs and can properly scrutinise the government

75
Q

in 2014-15 how much did labour get in cranborne money

A

£572,717

76
Q

short money

A

funds paid to opposition parties to cover administrative costs
available to all opposition parties that win at least two seats/ 1 seat with over 150,00 votes

77
Q

2014-15 how much did labour get in short money

A

£6,684,794

78
Q

reform of party funding

A

become more transparent

‘loans for peerage’ scandal= still loop holes

79
Q

% of labour party funding which is membership

A

19%

80
Q

Lord Ashcroft (conservative donor)

A

doesn’t pay uk tax on overseas earnings

81
Q

should political parties be state funded (YES)

A

open to be funded by wealthy/interest groups
state funding=don’t spend ages courting for donations
party e,g lib dems would be on more equal footing

82
Q

should political parties be state funded (NO)

A

tax payers fund parties don’t support
politicians isolated from real world if denied access from interest groups
parties have unequal resources regardless e,g membership

83
Q

privatization

A

transferring ownership from state to private business

e.g british gas

84
Q

how did thatcher change income taxes and benefits

A

freeze child benefits

cut housing benefits

85
Q

universal benefits

A

get regardless of income levels

86
Q

means tested benefits

A

only those on low income get it

87
Q

what did thatcher do to basic and top rates of income tax

A

cut them

88
Q

what did thatcher cut the top and bottom rate of income tax to in 79’

A

86% to 60%

33% to 30%

89
Q

what did thatcher cut the top and bottom rates of income tax to in 88’

A

60% to 40%

27% to 25%

90
Q

right to buy scheme

A

housing act 1980

tenants buy council house discounted price

91
Q

by 1987 how many council houses had been sold

A

over a million

92
Q

thatchers social policies

A

neo conservative
strong punishment
extension police power, search car+properties
arrests for bad language

93
Q

what was section 28 of the local government act (1988)

A

local authorities ‘shall not intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality’

94
Q

main different between ‘wets’ and ‘dries’

A

wets one nation gradual paternal change

dries rapid change, less organic

95
Q

why did labour split in the early 80s

A

Michael foot left wing leader, move opposed by SD members

96
Q

what were the consequences of the labour split in early 80s

A

SDP formed 4 members

1983 labours ‘suicide manifesto’ lab 27% SDP 25%

97
Q

how did the UKs post industrial society influence new labour

A 
middle class growth 
decline power+influence of trade unions
98
Q

how did pressure of globalization influence new labour

A

UK can’t have high tax and regulation as multinationals would move

99
Q

how did blair change clause IV of the labour constitution

A

committed them to nationalisation
new clause 4 talk about market rigour of competition
‘thriving private sector+high quality public services’

100
Q

what was tony blairs ‘third way’

A

between socialism and Thatcherism
social justice+economic efficiency
lab accept lower tax+privatisation

101
Q

what did new labour promise ahead of ‘97 general election

A

stick to prev con spend plans, not raise income tax

up to 2008 public spending % of GDP lower than under the cons

102
Q

how were new labour’s economic policies similar to the cons

A 
corporation tax 33% to 28%
priv
outsourcing 
PFI
foundation hospitals
103
Q

outsourcing

A

public services outsourced to private companies competing for contracts

104
Q

public finance initiatives (PFI)

A

priv sect bids for contracts to finance+build new hospitals, rent service back to tax payer

105
Q

foundation hospitals

A

managers independence to set up contracts+borrow money

106
Q

recession

A

economy shrinks for two consecutive quarters

107
Q

how many recessions have there been since 1940?

A

5

108
Q

why did Gordon Brown think there would be no return to the ‘boom and bust’

A

economic boom 1983 to early 2000s
inflation falling
living stands+real wages increasing

109
Q

why were house prices increasing so rapidly preceding the crash

A

growth financed by public debt
low interest+inflation=cheap credit
mortagages cheaper
drove up demand

110
Q

what was the problem with an increase in demand for house

A

supply couldn’t meet demand so started to increase

111
Q

what does it mean to say the banks were ‘over leveraged’ prior to financial crash

A

obligation to pay others greater than their equity

don’t have reserves to fall back on

112
Q

sub prime mortgages

A

sold to people with poor credit rating history of not paying debt

113
Q

how did America help trigger a global recession with their sub prime mortgages crisis

A

were sold to international investors

turned it global

114
Q

why did lbaour government spend so much money bailing out the banks

A

consequences of letting them collapse were too serious

115
Q

what was the 2008 economic stimulus

A

VAT temporarily cut from 17.5 to 15
basic income tax rate cut £145
ensure extra money flowing in the economy

116
Q

why did the deficit increase so sharply following crash

A

tax receipts reduced
money going out was increasing e.g on social welfare
bc unemployment was rising

117
Q

why did the conservatives argue labour had ‘failed to fix the roof while the sun was shining’

A

lab didn’t put enough money aside whilst they could

118
Q

how did conservatives change spending plans after 2007

A

proposed to match labs spending but scrapped this

called for public spending cuts

119
Q

how did labour justify its pre crash economic policies

A

public spend necessary bc previous con gov hadn’t invested enough in infrastructure

120
Q

why did cons and classical economists want to quickly cut deficit

A

big impact on nation debt and rates (uks ability to borrow money at low rates)
lose good credit rating

121
Q

why did Keynesian economists and labour party favour economic stimulus, even if it increased deficit

A

take advan of low borrowing cost+borrow more to invest+stimulate growth
short term deficit but economy would recover quicker

122
Q

cons spending plans 2010 general election

A

eliminate bulk of deficit by 2015-16

ratio of spending cuts to tax increase 4:1

123
Q

lab spending plans 2010 general election

A

half deficit it by 2013-14

ratio of spending cuts to tax increases 2:1

124
Q

lib dems spending plans 2010 general election

A

half deficit by 2013-14

ratio of spending cuts to tax increases 2.5:1

UK Politics (OB) (8 decks)

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