The Enlightenment In Europe Flashcards
What was the Enlightement
Arose in the wake of Scientific Revolution and the new ways of thinking it prompted.
A new movement to apply logic and reasoning to all aspects of life. During the mid-1700s. A.K.A. The Age of Reason.
What is a social contract ?
An idea that people must give up their rights to a strong leader with absolute power to gain law and order.
Who was Thomas Hobbes ?
An English philosopher who came up with the social contract and wrote “Leviathan” which claimed that all humans are naturally selfish and only governments can keep order.
Who was John Locke ?
A philosopher with positive view of human nature. He wrote “Two Treatises on Government”, which said that people could learn from their mistakes and improve, people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs, and came up with the three natural rights.
What city was the center of Enlightenment in the mid-1700s ?
France
Who was Voltaire ?
A very influential, brilliant philosophe who published over 70 books of political literature, especially with satire. His views, which he expressed freely, caused him to be sent to prison twice.
Real name is Francois Marie Arouet. Combated intolerance.
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend until death your right to say it”
Who was Montesquieu ?
An influential French writer, aristocrat, and lawyer who studied political freedoms. He favored England’s government, started an idea that led to the common checks & balances government system of modern times, and coined the term separation of powers.
Define philosophe
A social critic- of the Enlightment in France in the mid-1700s- who believed that one could apply reason to all aspects of life.
Who was Rosseau ?
A Swiss engraver, music teacher, tutor, and secretary who wrote philosophical essays. His views contradicted the norm of the time; he believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness. He believed in only a direct democracy and wrote “The Social Contract” to explain his philosophy.
AKA: The champion of freedom. passionately committed to individual freedom
Who was Cesare Beccaria ?
An Italian philosophe who promoted criminal justice. His main beliefs included that the accused should receive a fair and speedy trial, punishment depends on crime, and there should be no capital punishment or torture. He wrote “On Crimes and Punishments.”
Who was Adam Smith ?
A physiocrat who believed individuals acting in their own self-interest created economic progress. He wrote “Wealth of Nations.”
What are physiocrat ?
People who deal with/talk about economics
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft ?
A persuasive writer who published an essay in 1792 called “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” to promote equality and opportunities for women.
What are the five core concepts of the philosophes ?
- Reason Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking.
- Nature The philosophes also believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable.
- Happiness The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to see well-being on earth.
- Progress The philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve.
- Liberty The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
Identify the Enlightenment Idea and Thinker which impacted the following parts of the Bill of Rights or Declaration of Indendence in the US
a. Natural Rights
b. Freedom of Speech
c. Protection from Torture
d. Popular Sovreignty
e. Right to Speedy Trial
f. Govt must protect liberty
g. Freedom of Religion
h. Monarchy is destructive to liberty
i. Right to overthrow unjust govt
j. Separation of powers
a. John Locke, DOI, first paragraph
b. Voltaire, 1st Amendment
c. Beccaria, 8th Amendment
d. Montesquieu , 4th Amendment
e. Beccaria, 4th Amendment
f. Locke, 5th Amendment
g Voltaire, 1st Amendment
h. Rousseau, DOI
i. Locke, DOI
j. Baron de Monte, Body of Constitution
