The Enlightenment and Revolutions

Question 1

Louis XIV

Answer 1

(Biography) known as le roi soleil (the Sun King). 1638–1715, king of France (1643–1715); son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. Effective ruler from 1661, he established an absolute monarchy.

Question 2

Peter the Great

Answer 2

Peter I (Russian: Пётр I, tr. Pyotr I; IPA: [ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj]) or Peter Alexeyevich (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич; IPA: [ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ]; 9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)[a] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May (O.S. 27 April) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V.

Question 3

William the Great Elector

Answer 3

was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death.

Question 4

Czar

Answer 4

an emperor of Russia before 1917:

“Tsar Nicholas II”

Question 5

Absolutism

Answer 5

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Question 6

Boyar

Answer 6

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

Question 7

Iran IV

Answer 7

is the murder of a prominent person, often a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment.

Question 8

Divine Right

Answer 8

is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

Question 9

War of Spanish Secession

Answer 9

was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.

Question 10

Thirty Years War

Answer 10

a European war of 1618–48 that broke out between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his German Protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with France, Sweden, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire as the major protagonists.

Question 11

Catherine the Great

Answer 11

was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. Born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, she came to power following a coup d’état when her husband, Peter III, was assassinated.

Question 12

Window to the West

Answer 12

St. Pete is called Russia’s “Window to the West” and it’s not difficult to see why. The city, with its boulevards, canals and Baroque buildings, feels like Europe.

Question 13

Maria Theresa

Answer 13

was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Question 14

Pragmatic Sanction

Answer 14

an imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.

Question 15

Hapsburg

Answer 15

a member of a German royal family, prominent between the 13th and 20th centuries in Europe, that included rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Austria-Hungary

Question 16

Austria, Seven years War

Answer 16

was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.

Question 17

Frederick the Great

Answer 17

Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

Question 18

Henry IV

Answer 18

(1553–1610), king of France 1589–1610; known as Henry of Navarre. Although leader of Huguenot forces in the latter stages of the French Wars of Religion, on succeeding the Catholic Henry III, he became Catholic himself in order to guarantee peace. He established religious freedom with the Edict of Nantes (1598) and restored order after the prolonged civil war.

Question 19

Frederick William I

Answer 19

known as the ‘Soldier King,’[1] was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great.

Question 20

Glorious Revolution

Answer 20

in England, the overthrow of King James II in 1688 that established the power of Parliament over the monarch

Question 21

Spanish Armada

Answer 21

the fleet sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. It was defeated by the English navy and later dispersed and wrecked by storms.

Question 22

James I

Answer 22

King of England (1603–1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567–1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England.

Question 23

Puritans

Answer 23

a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

Question 24

Queen Elizabeth

Answer 24

often referred to simply as QE2, is an ocean liner built for the Cunard Line which was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008.

Question 25

Charles I

Answer 25

was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.