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Biomedical Physiology > The Endocrine System Part 2 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

list the three main bodily functions the pituitary gland is involved in

A

growth, reproduction and metabolism

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2
Q

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

the infundibulum

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3
Q

how many distinct lobes does the pituitary gland have

A

two distinct lobes

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4
Q

what controls the hormones released by the pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

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5
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland made of

A

glandular epithelial tissue - adenohypophysis

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6
Q

the hormones from the anterior pituitary are not secreted at a constant rate, what is the rate of secretion controlled by

A

the regulation is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones and feedback

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7
Q

how is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus in terms of vessels

A

by a capillary-capillary connection

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8
Q

what is the capillary-capillary connection linking the anterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus called

A

the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

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9
Q

how many peptide hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

six peptide hormones

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10
Q

are all the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland tropic

A

no babes, some aren’t tropic

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11
Q

list the six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follice stimulating hormone, leutenizing hormone, prolactin

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12
Q

what is another name for the growth hormone

A

somatotropin

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13
Q

what is the function of the growth hormone/somatotropin

A

to regulate overall body growth and has important metabolic effects

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14
Q

what is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stimulate thyroid hormone secretion - promotes growth of the thyroid gland

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15
Q

what is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulate cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex and promotes the growth of the adrenal cortex

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16
Q

what is the overall function of the follicle stimulating hormone

A

helps to regulate gamete production in both sexes

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17
Q

what is the function of the follicle stimulting hormone in females

A

growth and development of ovarian follicles, secretion of oestrogen

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18
Q

what is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone in males

A

sperm production

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19
Q

what is the function of the leutenising hormone overall

A

helps control sex hormone secretion in both sexes

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20
Q

what sex hormone does the leuenizing hormone help to control in females

A

oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

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21
Q

what sex hormone does the leutenisizng hormone help to control in males

A

testosterone by testes

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22
Q

what are some important actions leutenising hormone has in females other than just the control of oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

A

ovulation and luteinisation

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23
Q

what function does prolactin have in males and females

A

in females it enhances breast development and lactation, in males the function is unknown

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24
Q

the six anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by what

A

hypothalamic hormones and feedback from target organs

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25
Q

what are somatotropes

A

Somatotropes (from the Greek sōmat meaning “body” and trophē meaning “nourishment; development”) are cells in the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone.

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26
Q

what are thyrotropes

A

Thyrotropes (also called thyrotrophs) are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thyroid stimulating hormone

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27
Q

what are corticotropes

A

cells that secrete adrenocortiotropic hormone

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28
Q

what are gondotropes

A

Gonadotropic cells are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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29
Q

what are lactotropes

A

Prolactin cell (also known as epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotropic cell, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin

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30
Q

what type of tissue does the posterior pituitary gland have

A

nervous tissue - it is not as glandular as the anterior

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31
Q

what is another name for the posterior pituitary gland - often called this because it isn’t as glandular as the anterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

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32
Q

the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland come together in what system

A

the neuroendocrine system

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33
Q

how many peptide hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release

A

two

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34
Q

what are the two peptide hormones the posterior pituitary gland releases

A

vasopressin/ADH and oxytocin

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35
Q

how is vasopressin and oxytocin synthesised

A

by neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus

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36
Q

where are the 2 peptide hormones from the posterior pituitary gland stored

A

in the posterior pituitary neuronal terminals

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37
Q

how are the 2 peptide hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin released

A

independently released by exocytosis, carried through the blood

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38
Q

how many adrenal glands are there in the body

A

two

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39
Q

where are the adrenal glands situated

A

one on top of each kidney

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40
Q

list the five different parts of the adrenal glands (sort of as in the layers lol)

A

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and the adrenal medulla

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41
Q

what makes up the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland

A

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata and the zona reticularis

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42
Q

where are the steroid secreting cells of the adrenal glands found

A

in the adrenal cortex

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43
Q

where are the catecholamine secreting cells found in the adrenal glands

A

in the medulla

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44
Q

what are the catecholamine secreting cells called

A

chromaffin cells

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45
Q

what are adrenocorticoids

A

the adrenocorticoids are the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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46
Q

what are the three types of adrenocorticoids

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and the sex hormones

47
Q

what is the primary mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

48
Q

where in the adrenal cortex is the mineralocorticoid aldosterone produced

A

in the zonae glomerulosa

49
Q

what is the function of the steroid hormone aldosterone

A

regulates na+ and k+ levels

50
Q

give an example of a glucocorticoid

A

cortison

51
Q

where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced

A

in the zonae fasciculata and the reticularis

52
Q

what is the function of the glucocorticoids such as cortisol

A

adaptation to stress, helps regulate fuel and metabolism

53
Q

when cortisol is released, what effect does it have

A

to increase plasma glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

54
Q

give an example of a sex hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

55
Q

where exactly in the adrenal cortex are sex hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone produced

A

in the zonae fasciculate and the reticularis

56
Q

what is the function of the sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands

A

to regulate reproductive function

57
Q

what do sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands such as Dehydroepiandrosterone do in females

A

sex drive and pubertal hair growth

58
Q

what do sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands such as dehydroepiandrosterone do in males

A

bone growth at puberty

59
Q

how are the adrenocorticoids regulated

A

rate of secretion regulated by controlling the rate of synthesis

60
Q

in which part of the adrenal glands are the catecholamines produced

A

in the adrenal medulla

61
Q

give the two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

62
Q

what is another name for epinephrine

A

adrenaline

63
Q

what are chromaffin cells

A

modified sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that secrete catecholamines

64
Q

what is the primary stimulus for secretion of chromaffin cells

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system by stress

65
Q

in the neuroendocrine reflex, how are the catecholamine hormones released

A

released by exocytosis from the chromaffin granules

66
Q

list some functions of the catecholamines which are secreted by the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

A

reinforce sympathetic nervous system as in the fight or flight response, increase blood pressure, metabolic functions such as increasing the plasma glucose and fatty acids

67
Q

describe the location of the pancreas

A

the pancreas sits across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. the head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum through a tube called the pancreatic duct

68
Q

what are the two cells that make up the exocrine portion of the pancreas called

A

duct cells and acinar cells

69
Q

what do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete

A

the duct cells secrete aqueous NaHCO3 solution

70
Q

what do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete

A

they secrete digestive enzymes

71
Q

what does the endocrine potion of the pancreas consist of

A

the endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the Islets of Langerhans

72
Q

what do the islets of langerhans secrete

A

they secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

73
Q

why is the exocrine portion of the pancreas called the exocrine potion

A

because it secretes through ducts,

74
Q

why is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called the endocrine potion

A

because it lacks ducts, it releases the secretory products directly into the blood

75
Q

the exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, what does its function relate to

A

function relates to the GIT

76
Q

what does the endocrine portion of the pancreas relate to

A

relates to glucose regulation

77
Q

what are the regions of the pancreas that contain the endocrine cells in the pancreas called

A

islets of langerhans

78
Q

roughly what percentage of mass of the pancreas do the islets of langerhans contribute to

A

1-2% of the total mass

79
Q

what three cells do the islets of langerhans contain

A

the pancreatic alpha cells, the pancreatic beta cells and the d cells

80
Q

what do the pancreatic beta cells secrete

A

insulin

81
Q

what do the pancreatic alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

82
Q

what do the d cells in the islets of langerhans secrete

A

somatostatin

83
Q

what are insulin and glucagon involved in

A

the regulation of fuel metabolism

84
Q

what is anabolism

A

synthesis

85
Q

what is catabolism

A

breakdown

86
Q

to what is insulin secreted in response to

A

in response to high blood sugar

87
Q

when is glucagon released

A

when the concentration of glucose in the blood stream is too low. glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose which is released into the blood stream

88
Q

when is insulin released in terms of after or before eating

A

it is released after eating when there is an increased blood glucose so that synthesis of macromolecules can occur

89
Q

what happens between meals when there is low plasma glucose

A

the glucagon allows energy stores to be mobilised, in the catabolic state

90
Q

describe in three stages what insulin does to the blood glucose

A

when the blood glucose is high, beta cells release insulin which reduces the blood glucose

91
Q

describe in three stages what glucagon does to the blood glucose

A

when the blood glucose is low, alpha cells release glucagon, increasing the blood glucose

92
Q

insulin and glucagon can be referred to as antagonistic hormones, why is this

A

because they have opposite effects on the blood glucose

93
Q

what stimualtes the beta cells to secrete insulin

A

increased blood glucose DIRECTLY stimulates the beta cells to secrete insulin

94
Q

what is the process in which beta cells secrete insulin called

A

excitation-secretion coupling process

95
Q

what is the key molecule in the excitation-secretion coupling process

A

glucose

96
Q

what does the glucose, which is the key molecule in the excitation-secretion coupling process do

A

it initiates a series of events that change the membrane potential which in turn leads to insulin being secreted

97
Q

what type of mechanism is the excitation-secretion coupling process

A

the mechanism is of direct feedback

98
Q

when there is increased blood glucose, how does it enter the beta cell

A

via the GLUT-2 protein by facilitated diffusion

99
Q

once glucose has entered a beta cell via the glut-2 passive transporter protein, what happens to the glucose

A

it is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate

100
Q

what does the oxidation of G6P generate

A

ATP

101
Q

The ATP generated by the oxidation of G6P acts on what

A

acts on atp-sensitive k+ channel causing the channel to close

102
Q

once the k+ channel is closed due to its sensitivity to ATP what happens to the permeability of K=

A

a decreased permeability, resulting in a lower efflux of K+ and the cell depolarises

103
Q

what does the depolarisation of a beta cell cause

A

depolarisation of a beta cell opens voltage gated ca+ channels increasing the amount of ca2+ ions entering

104
Q

what does the greater concentration of ca2+ ions in a betacell trigger

A

triggers exocytosis of insulin vesicles

105
Q

what is the greatest factor controlling insulin secretion

A

an increased blood glucose

106
Q

how do gastrointestinal hormones have a minor impact on the beta cells secreting insulin

A

well there are some gi hormones such as incretins which stimulate the beta cells to secrete insulin

107
Q

how does food intake increase the beta cells secreting insulin

A

food intake causes parasympathetic stimulation

108
Q

how does sympathetic stimulation decrease the amount of insulin secreted by the beta cells

A

symppathetic stimulation is opposite to the rest and digest and releases epinephrine

109
Q

does an increased blood amino acid concentration increase or decrease the amount of insulin secreted by the beta cell

A

increase

110
Q

does insulin increase or decrease blood glucose

A

decrease

111
Q

does insulin increase or decrease blood fatty acids

A

decrease

112
Q

does insulin increase or decrease blood amino acids

A

decrease

113
Q

does insulin increase or decrease protein synthesis

A

increase

114
Q

does insulin increase or decrease fuel storage

A

increase

Biomedical Physiology (19 decks)

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