Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedical Physiology > The Endocrine System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system is a long distance regulatory system where the endocrine glands act as a system, what type of activities do they regulate

A

control activities that require duration and not speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the endocrine system regulates nutrient metabolism, water and electrolyte balance to maintain a constant internal environment, what is this called

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the endocrine system can function to provide adaptive changes to help the body withstand what

A

stressful situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the endocrine system supports smooth, sequential growth and _____

A

development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the endocrine system controls and integrates the activities of which systems

A

the reproduction, the circulatory, digestive and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what blood cell does the endocrine system function to regulate

A

regulates red blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the central endocrine glands closely related with

A

with the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list three central endocrine glands

A

the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

list two parts making up the pituitary gland

A

the anterior and posterior part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list two functions of the hypothalamus

A

secretes tropic hormones and regulates the output of the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list some peripheral endocrine glands

A

thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what central endocrine gland releases hormones that regulate output of several peripheral endocrine glands

A

anterior pituitary gland hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a hormone

A

a long distance, chemical mediator secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood which transports it to its target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormones are specific to what

A

to the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is a hormone specific to a target cell

A

the target cell has receptors for binding to the particular hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what two types of receptor protein may the hormone bind to on the target cell

A

transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do hormones direct their effect

A

hormones direct their effect by altering intracellular proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hormone classification is based on either one of two things, what are they

A

solubility or biochemical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hormones can have either one of two solubilities, what are they

A

hydrophilic or lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does it mean when a hormone is hydrophilic and how is it transported

A

hydrophilic hormones love water they are transported dissolved in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give three examples of hydrophilic hormones

A

peptides, catecholamines and indoleamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does it mean when a hormone is lipophilic and how is it transported

A

lipid loving transported bound to carrier proteins although a small percentage is free in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a small percentage of lipophilic hormones are free in solution, what can they do

A

they are free to interact with the target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

give two group examples of lipophiilic hormones

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what biochemical class makes up most hormones

A

peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what makes up a peptide

A

chains of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

give an example of a hormone that is a peptide

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is an amine

A

an amine is an organic compound derived from ammonia by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are amines a derivative of

A

amino acids derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

give three example os amines

A

catecholamines, indoleamines and thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the amine catecholamine is derived from which amino acid

A

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

catecholamine is mostly secreted by which endocrine gland

A

the adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

give an example of a catecholamine

A

epinephrine

34
Q

the amine group indoleamines are derived from which amino acid

A

tryptophan

35
Q

which endocrine gland secretes indoleamines

A

the pineal gland

36
Q

give an example of an indoleamine

A

melatonin

37
Q

the amine thyroid hormone is derived from which amino acid

A

an idoinated tyrosine derivative

38
Q

where is the thyroid hormone secreted from

A

from the thyroid gland

39
Q

what are steroids and where are they derived from

A

neutral lipids derived from cholesterol

40
Q

give two examples of steroid homones

A

cortisol and sex hormones

41
Q

what is cortisol released in response to

A

cortisol is released in response to stress and low blood glucose concentration

42
Q

are the peptide hormones hydrophilic or lipophilic

A

hydrophilic

43
Q

are the amines hydrophilic or lipophilic

A

catecholamines and indoleamines are hydrophilic whereas thyroid hormone is lipophilic

44
Q

are steroid hormones hydrophilic or lipophilic

A

lipophilic

45
Q

why can lipophilic hormones be administered orally

A

because they are absorbed in tact from the GIT into the blood

46
Q

give an example of a lipophilic hormone that is administered orally

A

sex hormones controlled in birth control pills

47
Q

why cant any other hormone other than lipophilic hormones be taken orally

A

because GIT protein digesting enzymes attack them and make them inactive so they must be administered by a different route

48
Q

hormones that are not lipophilic cannot be administered orally, how would insulin which is a hyrophilic be administered

A

daily injections straight into the blood stream

49
Q

hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in plasma - peptides, catecholamines and indoleamines - describe their interaction with the target cell

A
  • bind with transmembrane receptors, activate second messenger systems, alter activity of pre existing intracellular proteins to bring about the desired effect
50
Q

how do lipophilic hormones such as the steroids and thyroid hormones interact with the target cell

A

most bind with receptors inside the target cell to activate specific genes resulting in the formation of new intracellular proteins which cause the desired efect

51
Q

the new proteins that are formed by lipophilic hormones have one of two roles, what are these roles

A

enzymatic or structural

52
Q

endocrine hormones are not secreted at a constant rate, give three ways in which hormones can be regulated

A
  1. negative feedback mechanisms
  2. neuroendocrine reflexes
  3. diurnal variation
53
Q

where is trh released from and what does it act upon to release what

A

trh is secreted by the hypothalamus to act on the anterior pituitary to get the thyroid hormone to secrete tsh

54
Q

what are the two types of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

t3 and t4

55
Q

what does t3 stand for

A

triiodithyronine

56
Q

what does t4 stand for

A

tetraiodithyronine

57
Q

which out of t3 and t4 is more abundant

A

t4

58
Q

which out of t3 and t4 is the active form

A

t3

59
Q

what are some actions of the thyroid stimulating hormone

A

setting metabolic rate, thermoregulation - chemical induced thermogenesis

60
Q

what is thermogenesis

A

the production of heat, especially in a human or animal body.

61
Q

describe the negative feedback loop of the thyroid hormone

A

hypothalamus - trh - anterior pituitary - tsh - thyroid gland - t3 and t4 - target cells. too much t3 and t4, goes to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to reduce secretion. or if too little t4 and t3, goes to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to secrete more

62
Q

what are neuroendocrine reflexes - they have an effect on the regulation of hormones

A

they have a neural and hormonal component, rapid increase in hormone secretion in response to a stimulus.

63
Q

give an example of a secretion that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic

A

the secretion of epinephrine - also known as adrenaline

64
Q

what is diurnal variation

A

the variation in the amount of hormone produced throughout the day/month

65
Q

what is diurnal variation related to in terms of what actually causes the variation in the amount of hormone produced throughout the day/month

A

external cues such as light and dark

66
Q

give an example of a hormone that differs depending on the diurnal variation

A

cortisol, increases as you sleep, highest when you wake up, less throughout the day

67
Q

what is the function of a tropic hormone

A

affects the release of another hormone - releasing/inhibiting and stimulates & maintains the endocrine target tissue

68
Q

give a general example of a tropic hormone, how it works

A

the secretion of many anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

69
Q

give a specific example of a tropic hormone, the tsh one pls.

A

the thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland and maintains the structural integrity of the thyroid gland

70
Q

what happens if low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone are present

A

the thyroid gland atrophies

71
Q

how many tropic hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

7 tropic hormones

72
Q

what is a hypophysiotropic hormone

A

peptide hormones -Hypophysiotropic hormones are produced by endocrine cells in the hypothalamus - hypophysis - pituitary and tropic, nourishing so they control the release of anterior pituitary gland hormones

73
Q

what do the hypothalamus hormones usually involve in terms of a chain

A

a 3 - hormone hierachic chain - endocrine axis

74
Q

give an example of an endocrine axis

A

the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid acis

75
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone PRH stand for

A

prolactin releasing hormone

76
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone PIH stand for

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone aka dopamine

77
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone TRH stand for

A

thryotropin releasing hormone

78
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone CRH stand for

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

79
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone GHRH stand for

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

80
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone GHIH stand for

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone - aka somatostatin

81
Q

what does the hypothalamus hormone GnRH stand for

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

82
Q

what is the hypothalamus influenced by to release the seven hormones

A

by neural and hormonal inputs

Biomedical Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions