The Endocrine System Part 1

Question 1

the endocrine system is a long distance regulatory system where the endocrine glands act as a system, what type of activities do they regulate

Answer 1

control activities that require duration and not speed

Question 2

the endocrine system regulates nutrient metabolism, water and electrolyte balance to maintain a constant internal environment, what is this called

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

the endocrine system can function to provide adaptive changes to help the body withstand what

Answer 3

stressful situations

Question 4

the endocrine system supports smooth, sequential growth and _____

Answer 4

development

Question 5

the endocrine system controls and integrates the activities of which systems

Answer 5

the reproduction, the circulatory, digestive and nervous

Question 6

what blood cell does the endocrine system function to regulate

Answer 6

regulates red blood cell production

Question 7

what are the central endocrine glands closely related with

Answer 7

with the brain

Question 8

list three central endocrine glands

Answer 8

the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the pineal gland

Question 9

list two parts making up the pituitary gland

Answer 9

the anterior and posterior part

Question 10

list two functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 10

secretes tropic hormones and regulates the output of the anterior pituitary gland

Question 11

list some peripheral endocrine glands

Answer 11

thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, etc

Question 12

what central endocrine gland releases hormones that regulate output of several peripheral endocrine glands

Answer 12

anterior pituitary gland hormones

Question 13

what is a hormone

Answer 13

a long distance, chemical mediator secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood which transports it to its target cell

Question 14

hormones are specific to what

Answer 14

to the target cell

Question 15

how is a hormone specific to a target cell

Answer 15

the target cell has receptors for binding to the particular hormone

Question 16

what two types of receptor protein may the hormone bind to on the target cell

Answer 16

transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors

Question 17

how do hormones direct their effect

Answer 17

hormones direct their effect by altering intracellular proteins

Question 18

hormone classification is based on either one of two things, what are they

Answer 18

solubility or biochemical structure

Question 19

hormones can have either one of two solubilities, what are they

Answer 19

hydrophilic or lipophilic

Question 20

what does it mean when a hormone is hydrophilic and how is it transported

Answer 20

hydrophilic hormones love water they are transported dissolved in the plasma

Question 21

give three examples of hydrophilic hormones

Answer 21

peptides, catecholamines and indoleamines

Question 22

what does it mean when a hormone is lipophilic and how is it transported

Answer 22

lipid loving transported bound to carrier proteins although a small percentage is free in solution

Question 23

a small percentage of lipophilic hormones are free in solution, what can they do

Answer 23

they are free to interact with the target cells

Question 24

give two group examples of lipophiilic hormones

Answer 24

steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 25

what biochemical class makes up most hormones

Answer 25

peptides

Question 26

what makes up a peptide

Answer 26

chains of amino acids

Question 27

give an example of a hormone that is a peptide

Answer 27

insulin

Question 28

what is an amine

Answer 28

an amine is an organic compound derived from ammonia by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

Question 29

what are amines a derivative of

Answer 29

amino acids derivatives

Question 30

give three example os amines

Answer 30

catecholamines, indoleamines and thyroid hormone

Question 31

the amine catecholamine is derived from which amino acid

Answer 31

tyrosine

Question 32

catecholamine is mostly secreted by which endocrine gland

Answer 32

the adrenal medulla

Question 33

give an example of a catecholamine

Answer 33

epinephrine

Question 34

the amine group indoleamines are derived from which amino acid

Answer 34

tryptophan

Question 35

which endocrine gland secretes indoleamines

Answer 35

the pineal gland

Question 36

give an example of an indoleamine

Answer 36

melatonin

Question 37

the amine thyroid hormone is derived from which amino acid

Answer 37

an idoinated tyrosine derivative

Question 38

where is the thyroid hormone secreted from

Answer 38

from the thyroid gland

Question 39

what are steroids and where are they derived from

Answer 39

neutral lipids derived from cholesterol

Question 40

give two examples of steroid homones

Answer 40

cortisol and sex hormones

Question 41

what is cortisol released in response to

Answer 41

cortisol is released in response to stress and low blood glucose concentration

Question 42

are the peptide hormones hydrophilic or lipophilic

Answer 42

hydrophilic

Question 43

are the amines hydrophilic or lipophilic

Answer 43

catecholamines and indoleamines are hydrophilic whereas thyroid hormone is lipophilic

Question 44

are steroid hormones hydrophilic or lipophilic

Answer 44

lipophilic

Question 45

why can lipophilic hormones be administered orally

Answer 45

because they are absorbed in tact from the GIT into the blood

Question 46

give an example of a lipophilic hormone that is administered orally

Answer 46

sex hormones controlled in birth control pills

Question 47

why cant any other hormone other than lipophilic hormones be taken orally

Answer 47

because GIT protein digesting enzymes attack them and make them inactive so they must be administered by a different route

Question 48

hormones that are not lipophilic cannot be administered orally, how would insulin which is a hyrophilic be administered

Answer 48

daily injections straight into the blood stream

Question 49

hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in plasma - peptides, catecholamines and indoleamines - describe their interaction with the target cell

Answer 49

- bind with transmembrane receptors, activate second messenger systems, alter activity of pre existing intracellular proteins to bring about the desired effect

Question 50

how do lipophilic hormones such as the steroids and thyroid hormones interact with the target cell

Answer 50

most bind with receptors inside the target cell to activate specific genes resulting in the formation of new intracellular proteins which cause the desired efect

Question 51

the new proteins that are formed by lipophilic hormones have one of two roles, what are these roles

Answer 51

enzymatic or structural

Question 52

endocrine hormones are not secreted at a constant rate, give three ways in which hormones can be regulated

Answer 52

1. negative feedback mechanisms 2. neuroendocrine reflexes 3. diurnal variation

Question 53

where is trh released from and what does it act upon to release what

Answer 53

trh is secreted by the hypothalamus to act on the anterior pituitary to get the thyroid hormone to secrete tsh

Question 54

what are the two types of thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 54

t3 and t4

Question 55

what does t3 stand for

Answer 55

triiodithyronine

Question 56

what does t4 stand for

Answer 56

tetraiodithyronine

Question 57

which out of t3 and t4 is more abundant

Answer 57

t4

Question 58

which out of t3 and t4 is the active form

Answer 58

t3

Question 59

what are some actions of the thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 59

setting metabolic rate, thermoregulation - chemical induced thermogenesis

Question 60

what is thermogenesis

Answer 60

the production of heat, especially in a human or animal body.

Question 61

describe the negative feedback loop of the thyroid hormone

Answer 61

hypothalamus - trh - anterior pituitary - tsh - thyroid gland - t3 and t4 - target cells. too much t3 and t4, goes to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to reduce secretion. or if too little t4 and t3, goes to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to secrete more

Question 62

what are neuroendocrine reflexes - they have an effect on the regulation of hormones

Answer 62

they have a neural and hormonal component, rapid increase in hormone secretion in response to a stimulus.

Question 63

give an example of a secretion that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic

Answer 63

the secretion of epinephrine - also known as adrenaline

Question 64

what is diurnal variation

Answer 64

the variation in the amount of hormone produced throughout the day/month

Question 65

what is diurnal variation related to in terms of what actually causes the variation in the amount of hormone produced throughout the day/month

Answer 65

external cues such as light and dark

Question 66

give an example of a hormone that differs depending on the diurnal variation

Answer 66

cortisol, increases as you sleep, highest when you wake up, less throughout the day

Question 67

what is the function of a tropic hormone

Answer 67

affects the release of another hormone - releasing/inhibiting and stimulates & maintains the endocrine target tissue

Question 68

give a general example of a tropic hormone, how it works

Answer 68

the secretion of many anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

Question 69

give a specific example of a tropic hormone, the tsh one pls.

Answer 69

the thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland and maintains the structural integrity of the thyroid gland

Question 70

what happens if low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone are present

Answer 70

the thyroid gland atrophies

Question 71

how many tropic hormones does the hypothalamus release

Answer 71

7 tropic hormones

Question 72

what is a hypophysiotropic hormone

Answer 72

peptide hormones -Hypophysiotropic hormones are produced by endocrine cells in the hypothalamus - hypophysis - pituitary and tropic, nourishing so they control the release of anterior pituitary gland hormones

Question 73

what do the hypothalamus hormones usually involve in terms of a chain

Answer 73

a 3 - hormone hierachic chain - endocrine axis

Question 74

give an example of an endocrine axis

Answer 74

the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid acis

Question 75

what does the hypothalamus hormone PRH stand for

Answer 75

prolactin releasing hormone

Question 76

what does the hypothalamus hormone PIH stand for

Answer 76

prolactin inhibiting hormone aka dopamine

Question 77

what does the hypothalamus hormone TRH stand for

Answer 77

thryotropin releasing hormone

Question 78

what does the hypothalamus hormone CRH stand for

Answer 78

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 79

what does the hypothalamus hormone GHRH stand for

Answer 79

growth hormone releasing hormone

Question 80

what does the hypothalamus hormone GHIH stand for

Answer 80

growth hormone inhibiting hormone - aka somatostatin

Question 81

what does the hypothalamus hormone GnRH stand for

Answer 81

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 82

what is the hypothalamus influenced by to release the seven hormones

Answer 82

by neural and hormonal inputs